{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T11:03:26Z","timestamp":1774263806133,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Republic of Korea University and the National Research Foundation of Republic of Korea (NRF) Grant Funded by the Republic of Korean\/Government","award":["No. RS-2024-00336696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. RS-2024-00336696"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Recent guidelines have emphasized the importance of early mobilization and rehabilitation of patients following cardiac surgery. However, studies on the optimal targets and prescription methods for phase I cardiac rehabilitation (CR) are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and utility of an early phase 1 submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) using a recumbent ergometer in patients who have undergone cardiac surgery. Methods: Twenty ambulatory patients who underwent cardiac surgery between December 2021 and February 2023 were referred to the CR department on the fifth postoperative day, and a CR program was initiated. The program was conducted five times a week, with hour-long sessions consisting of warm-up exercises, resistance training, aerobic exercises, and a cool-down period. A recumbent ergometer-based submaximal CPET was performed approximately nine days after the surgery, prior to discharge. Participants initiated the test at 0 W, and the workload was increased by 20 W after 2 min. During the test, researchers evaluated parameters including submaximal peak values of oxygen consumption (VO2), metabolic equivalents of task, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). The grip strength test, 6 min walk test (6MWT), Korean Activity Scale\/Index (KASI), EuroQol-5 dimension (EQ-5D), and short-form 36-item health survey (SF-36) values were also measured prior to discharge. Results: Twenty patients (75% male, average age 62.50 \u00b1 1.99 years) underwent CPET at a median of 9.0 (8.0; 12.5) days postoperative. The average exercise duration of the CPET was 411.75 \u00b1 168.25 s. During the test, their submaximal peak VO2 was 12.32 \u00b1 0.75 mL\/kg\/min (corresponding to 46.65 \u00b1 2.08% of VO2 max). The submaximal peak RER was 1.01 (0.98\u20131.12), and the submaximal peak RPE was 15.00 \u00b1 0.51. Furthermore, the submaximal peak HR was 111.8 \u00b1 3.76 beats\/min (equivalent to 70.95 \u00b1 2.09% of age-predicted maximal HR). After adjustment for age and sex, statistically significant positive correlations were observed between the submaximal peak VO2 and 6MWT, squat endurance test, KASI, EQ-5D, and the physical component summary (PCS) of the SF-36 questionnaire. The 6MWT, squat endurance test, KASI, and PCS of SF-36 showed a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.522 (p = 0.026), 0.628 (p = 0.005), 0.586 (p = 0.011), and 0.546 (p = 0.019), respectively. No significant cardiac events, such as ST elevation\/depression or hemodynamic instability, were observed during the test. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that performing recumbent ergometer-based CPET during early phase 1 CR is safe and feasible. These results highlight the potential of recumbent ergometer-based CPET as a valuable tool for guiding the appropriate prescription of early CR programs following hospital discharge in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15062429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T09:48:42Z","timestamp":1774259322000},"page":"2429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility and Utility of Recumbent Ergometer-Based Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test in Phase 1 Cardiac Rehabilitation Following Cardiac Surgery: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yeon Mi","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7788-7904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo Ryun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ho Sung","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1933-038X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung Bom","family":"Pyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8848-4112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Seung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5254-1405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee Jung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2023.05.027","article-title":"Trends in Cardiovascular Surgery in South Korea: A Nationwide Cohort Study from 2010 to 2019","volume":"37","author":"Nam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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