{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T11:03:52Z","timestamp":1774263832237,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Distal biceps tendon rupture (DBTR) significantly impairs upper-limb function, particularly in movements requiring elbow flexion and forearm supination. This condition continues to attract clinical interest due to its complex biomechanics, evolving surgical strategies, and the growing emphasis on comprehensive rehabilitation. Contemporary evidence highlights the value of a multidisciplinary approach that integrates precise surgical repair with structured, progressive physiotherapy to optimize outcomes effectively. Methods: We performed a comprehensive review of the literature by searching PubMed\/MEDLINE, and a narrative review format was adopted to synthesize the available evidence. Results: Studies comparing single-incision and double-incision techniques show that both achieve excellent outcomes, although the decision should be tailored to patient-specific factors, surgeon expertise, and the reported complication risk, which may vary between 5% and 63%. Regardless of technique, restoring tendon integrity is essential for regaining normal strength and supination capability. Rehabilitation following DBTR repair relies on a phased and carefully monitored program. Early physiotherapy focuses on a controlled range of motion and the prevention of stiffness while protecting the repair. As healing progresses, strengthening exercises targeting the biceps, triceps, and brachialis are introduced, alongside endurance training to enhance overall functional capacity. Evidence strongly supports early mobilization protocols, where active motion and graded resistance are initiated within the first postoperative week, resulting in faster and more complete functional recovery compared to prolonged immobilization. Conclusions: Long-term outcomes after DBTR repair are consistently favorable. Most patients return to full activity or sport at an average of 5.4 months, although timelines vary with rehabilitation intensity and baseline fitness. Notably, 93\u2013100% recover their pre-injury activity level, including participation in competitive sports.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15062430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T09:48:42Z","timestamp":1774259322000},"page":"2430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Restoration of Muscle Function Following Distal Biceps Tendon Reinsertion: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Harasymczuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatology, Orthopedics and Hand Surgery Department, Dega Orthopedics Institute, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, PL-61-545 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Br\u0119borowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatology, Orthopedics and Hand Surgery Department, Dega Orthopedics Institute, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, PL-61-545 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4425-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Bartkowiak-Graczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatology, Orthopedics and Hand Surgery Department, Dega Orthopedics Institute, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, PL-61-545 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, PL-61-545 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8215-8589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Madziewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatology, Orthopedics and Hand Surgery Department, Dega Orthopedics Institute, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, PL-61-545 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, PL-61-545 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Balcerek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology Obstetrics and Gynecologic Oncology, Gynecological Obstetric Clinical Hospital of Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, PL-60-535 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leszek","family":"Romanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatology, Orthopedics and Hand Surgery Department, Dega Orthopedics Institute, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, PL-61-545 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515587738","article-title":"Distal biceps tendon ruptures: An epidemiological analysis using a large population database","volume":"43","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.01150","article-title":"Nonoperative treatment of distal biceps tendon ruptures compared with a historical control group","volume":"91","author":"Freeman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509337451","article-title":"Distal Biceps Tendon Repair A Cadaveric Analysis of Suture Anchor and Interference Screw Restoration of the Anatomic Footprint","volume":"37","author":"Jobin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2016.08.019","article-title":"Biceps and Triceps Ruptures in Athletes","volume":"33","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hand Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-011-1569-y","article-title":"The double intramedullary cortical button fixation for distal biceps tendon repair","volume":"19","author":"Siebenlist","year":"2011","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-015-0360-5","article-title":"Treatment of distal biceps tendon rupture: Why, when, how? Analysis of literature and our experience","volume":"99","author":"Giacalone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2019.09.014","article-title":"Distal Biceps Tendon Repair and Reconstruction","volume":"45","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Eur."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"753","article-title":"Avulsion of the distal biceps brachii tendon in middle-aged population: Is surgical repair advisable? A comparative study of 22 patients treated with either nonoperative management or early anatomical repair","volume":"39","author":"Hetsroni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inj.-Int. J. Care Inj."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200211000-00042","article-title":"Distal biceps tendon ruptures: Incidence, demographics, and the effect of smoking","volume":"404","author":"Safran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2002.126617","article-title":"Complete rupture of the distal biceps brachii tendon in female patients: A report of 2 cases","volume":"11","author":"Toczylowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/187891","article-title":"Which risk factors are involved in a distal biceps tendon injury? A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Jaschke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcr.2022.100636","article-title":"Elbow heterotopic ossification after distal biceps tendon repair presenting as median nerve neuropathy: A case report","volume":"39","author":"Daskalakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trauma Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2014.07.008","article-title":"Surgical pathology and the patient: A systematic review evaluating the primary audience of pathology reports","volume":"45","author":"Mossanen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2021.12.001","article-title":"Operative vs. nonoperative treatment of distal biceps ruptures: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Looney","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2023.103785","article-title":"Surgically treated acute distal biceps tendon injuries: What results do they have in comparison with the contralateral healthy arm? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"111","author":"Calderazzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.02.013","article-title":"Post-Operative Rehabilitation and Return to Sport Criteria Following Distal Biceps Tendon Rupture Surgery","volume":"9","author":"Phelps","year":"2025","journal-title":"JSES Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romeo, A.A., Erickson, B.J., and Griffin, J.W. (2021). Rehabilitation Following Distal Biceps Repair. The Management of Biceps Pathology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-63019-5"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisako.2023.02.004","article-title":"Return to sports following distal biceps tendon repair: A current concepts review","volume":"8","author":"Nagel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. ISAKOS"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(05)80044-8","article-title":"The distal biceps tendon. Two potential mechanisms involved in its rupture: Arterial supply and mechanical impingement","volume":"4","author":"Seiler","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1307","article-title":"The effect of steroid-abuse on anatomic reinsertion of ruptured distal biceps brachii tendon","volume":"42","author":"Pagonis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inj.-Int. J. Care Inj."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1761","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone-Associated Tendinopathy: Does Levofloxacin Pose the Greatest Risk?","volume":"36","author":"Bidell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.2.09","article-title":"Fluoroquinolones and Tendinopathy: A Guide for Athletes and Sports Clinicians and a Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"49","author":"Lewis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1136\/jisakos-2020-000570","article-title":"Differences in risk factors exist for the occurrence of bilateral versus unilateral distal biceps tendon ruptures: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Hawkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. ISAKOS"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lappen, S., Siebenlist, S., Kadantsev, P.M., Hinz, M., Seilern und Aspang, J., Lutz, P.M., Imhoff, A.B., and Geyer, S. (2022). Distal biceps tendon ruptures occur with the almost extended elbow and supinated forearm\u2014An online video analytic study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05546-9"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldinc, E., Campbell, C., Gustafsson, F., Beveridge, A., Macey, R., Marr, L., Summers, C., and Zhang, D. (2023). Musculoskeletal manifestations associated with transthyretin-mediated (ATTR) amyloidosis: A systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06853-5"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.9236","article-title":"Association Between Ruptured Distal Biceps Tendon and Wild-Type Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"318","author":"Geller","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e488","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-20-01146","article-title":"Orthopaedic Manifestations of Amyloidosis","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14622","article-title":"Musculoskeletal co-morbidities in patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Formiga","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-018-0729-y","article-title":"Relative and Absolute Risk of Tendon Rupture with Fluoroquinolone and Concomitant Fluoroquinolone\/Corticosteroid Therapy: Population-Based Nested Case\u2013Control Study","volume":"39","author":"Morales","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000002164","article-title":"Acute Distal Triceps Tendon Rupture Repair: Case Presentation and Surgical Technique","volume":"35","author":"Luthringer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jus.2011.11.002","article-title":"The biceps tendons: From the top and from the bottom","volume":"15","author":"Brasseur","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.255045160","article-title":"Disorders of the Distal Biceps Brachii Tendon","volume":"25","author":"Chew","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000000534","article-title":"How to Avoid Posterior Interosseous Nerve Injury During Single-Incision Distal Biceps Repair Drilling","volume":"477","author":"Becker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1053\/j.otsm.2018.02.008","article-title":"Anatomy, Biomechanics, and Pathology of the Distal Biceps Tendon","volume":"26","author":"Lacheta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oper. Tech. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2011.09.010","article-title":"Distal biceps tendon rupture: An in vitro study","volume":"27","author":"Shukla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2017.11.005","article-title":"Upper extremity weightlifting injuries: Diagnosis and management","volume":"15","author":"Golshani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"193","article-title":"Post-operative rehabilitation of a distal biceps brachii tendon reattachment in a weightlifter: A case report","volume":"62","author":"Wentzell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Can. Chiropr. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20200799","article-title":"Reconstruction with interference screw of ruptured distal biceps brachii tendon at level of insertion into radial tuberosity: A case report","volume":"8","author":"Stanu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-78522013000200002","article-title":"Technique and results after distal braquial biceps tendon reparation, through two anterior mini-incisions","volume":"21","author":"Pascarelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ortop. Bras."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519899933","article-title":"Complications After Distal Biceps Tendon Repair: A Systematic Review","volume":"48","author":"Amarasooriya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967116668137","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967116668137","article-title":"Complications of distal biceps tendon repair: A meta-analysis of single-incision versus double-incision surgical technique","volume":"4","author":"Amin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517720200","article-title":"Surgical Treatment of Distal Biceps Tendon Ruptures: An Analysis of Complications in 784 Surgical Repairs","volume":"45","author":"Dunphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2018.06.028","article-title":"Major complications after distal biceps tendon repairs: Retrospective cohort analysis of 970 cases","volume":"27","author":"Ford","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26350254231155500","DOI":"10.1177\/26350254231155500","article-title":"Distal Biceps Tendon Repair Using a Single Incision, Dual Anchor Technique","volume":"3","author":"Jurgensmeier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Video J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.00436","article-title":"Single versus double-incision technique for the repair of acute distal biceps tendon ruptures: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"94","author":"Grewal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarallo, L., Lombardi, M., Zambianchi, F., Giorgini, A., and Catani, F. (2018). Distal biceps tendon rupture: Advantages and drawbacks of the anatomical reinsertion with a modified double incision approach. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-2278-1"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"e38621","article-title":"Patient-Reported Outcome Measures of a Novel Cortical Button System for Distal Biceps Tendon Repair: A Retrospective Study","volume":"15","author":"Shean","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967121S00693","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967121S00693","article-title":"Poster 132: Long Term Outcomes of Distal Biceps Injuries: A Comparative Study of Surgical and Non-operative Management at a Mean Follow Up of 13 years","volume":"10","author":"Till","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hogea, B.G., Patrascu, J.M., Abu-Awwad, S.A., Suba, M.I., Bolovan, A., Stoianov, A.G., and Abu-Awwad, A.N.A. (2023). Comparative Analysis of Surgical Approaches for Distal Biceps Tendon Rupture: Single-Incision Technique versus Double-Incision Technique. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12196423"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.00481","article-title":"Repair techniques for acute distal biceps tendon ruptures a systematic review","volume":"96","author":"Watson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.11.009","article-title":"Controversies in the surgical treatment of distal biceps tendon ruptures: Single versus double-incision repairs","volume":"20","author":"Keener","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23259671211037311","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671211037311","article-title":"Operative Versus Nonoperative Management for Distal Biceps Brachii Tendon Lesions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Cuzzolin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-021-03750-1","article-title":"Distal biceps tendon repairs and reconstructions-an analysis of demographics, prodromal symptoms and complications","volume":"142","author":"Luokkala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967115585113","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967115585113","article-title":"A 3-Dimensional Anatomic Study of the Distal Biceps Tendon: Implications for Surgical Repair and Reconstruction","volume":"3","author":"Walton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1136\/jisakos-2019-000279","article-title":"Acute distal biceps tendon ruptures: Anatomy, pathology and management\u2014State of the art","volume":"5","author":"Kruger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. ISAKOS"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-022-09742-x","article-title":"Return to Play After Distal Biceps Tendon Repair","volume":"15","author":"Cooke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200206000-00015","article-title":"Reconstruction of chronic ruptures of the distal biceps tendon with use of an achilles tendon allograft","volume":"84","author":"Morrey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1177\/145749690609500113","article-title":"Recovery of muscle strength after late repair of distal biceps brachii tendon","volume":"95","author":"Kaarela","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X14567116","article-title":"Distal biceps reconstruction 13 years post-injury","volume":"7","author":"Burrus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2021.06.006","article-title":"In vivo evaluation of a new intramedullary distal biceps tendon fixation device","volume":"30","author":"Caekebeke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.23736\/S2784-8469.23.04274-8","article-title":"Single approach versus double-incision technique for the repair of distal biceps tendon ruptures","volume":"74","author":"Micheloni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Minerva Orthop."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2024.01.020","article-title":"All-endoscopic approach for distal biceps tendon pathology: Analysis of long-term outcomes in partial and complete ruptures","volume":"33","author":"Bhatia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"711","article-title":"Accuracy and safety of the endoscopic repair of the distal biceps: A cadaveric study","volume":"86","author":"Caekebeke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Belg."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"114","article-title":"Clinical case of the surgical treatment of complete rupture of distal biceps tendon using two cortical buttons","volume":"28","author":"Medvedchikov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196143070-00012","article-title":"A Method for Reinsertion of the Distal Biceps Brachii Tendon","volume":"43","author":"Boyd","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198567030-00011","article-title":"Rupture of the distal tendon of the biceps brachii. A biomechanical study","volume":"67","author":"Morrey","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-020-03676-6","article-title":"MRI findings of chronic distal tendon biceps reconstruction and associated post-operative findings","volume":"50","author":"Greif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2022.02.027","article-title":"Systematic review of distal biceps tendon rupture in athletes: Treatment and Rehabilitation","volume":"31","author":"Pitsilos","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"17585732241312212","article-title":"Outcomes of utilizing double-incision technique with combination of cortical button and interference screw fixation for distal biceps rupture: A case series","volume":"18","author":"Fisher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shoulder Elbow"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2023.103559","article-title":"Primary repair of acute versus chronic ruptures of the distal biceps tendon. Comparison of functional results in a case-control study","volume":"109","author":"Carlier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.102B12.BJJ-2020-0822.R2","article-title":"Single- versus double-incision technique for the treatment of distal biceps tendon rupture","volume":"102","author":"Castioni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone Jt."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508321482","article-title":"Repair of the ruptured distal biceps tendon: A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Chavan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.32098\/mltj.04.2016.05","article-title":"Single and dual incision technique for acute distal biceps rupture: Clinical and functional outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Guglielmino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Muscles Ligaments Tendons J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.01.102","article-title":"A new intramedullary fixation method for distal biceps tendon ruptures: A biomechanical study","volume":"29","author":"Caekebeke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-021-03132-8","article-title":"Acute distal biceps tendon rupture: Retrospective analysis of two different approaches and fixation techniques","volume":"32","author":"Sensi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520986999","article-title":"Optimizing Fixation for Distal Biceps Tendon Repairs: A Systematic Review and Meta-regression of Cadaveric Biomechanical Testing","volume":"49","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21.00033","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.ST.21.00033","article-title":"Double-Incision Technique for the Treatment of Distal Biceps Tendon Rupture","volume":"12","author":"Mercurio","year":"2022","journal-title":"JBJS Essent. Surg. Tech."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199906000-00013","article-title":"Distal biceps ruptures. A followup of Boyd and Anderson repair","volume":"363","author":"Karunakar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1053\/otsm.2003.35888","article-title":"Complications of distal biceps tendonrepairs","volume":"11","author":"Cohen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oper. Tech. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2017.02.025","article-title":"Delayed repair of distal biceps tendon ruptures is successful: A case-control study","volume":"26","author":"Haverstock","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22.00185","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.22.00185","article-title":"Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction of Delayed Distal Biceps Repairs without Graft Augmentation","volume":"11","author":"Tzeuton","year":"2023","journal-title":"JBJS Rev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.02.006","article-title":"Re-rupture rate of primarily repaired distal biceps tendon injuries","volume":"23","author":"Hinchey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.11.012","article-title":"Trends associated with distal biceps tendon repair in the United States, 2007 to 2011","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v2.i8.357","article-title":"Distal biceps tendon rupture reconstruction using muscle- splitting double-incision approach","volume":"2","author":"Tarallo","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2024.05.059","article-title":"Sensory Neuropraxia After Distal Biceps Repair is Not Associated With Patient-Reported Outcomes or Satisfaction: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"33","author":"Clark","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.09.004","article-title":"Refixation techniques and approaches for distal biceps tendon ruptures: A systematic review of clinical studies","volume":"25","author":"Kodde","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eats.2016.01.002","article-title":"Single-Incision Technique for Repair of Distal Biceps Tendon Avulsions With Intramedullary Cortical Button","volume":"5","author":"Camp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthrosc. Tech."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2017.12.010","article-title":"Is nonoperative management of partial distal biceps tears really successful","volume":"27","author":"Bauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.32098\/mltj.04.2020.16","article-title":"Operative Versus Non-Operative Management of Distal Biceps Brachii Tendon Rupture: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Qureshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Muscles Ligaments Tendons J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-026-06739-w","article-title":"Conservative versus operative treatment of distal biceps tendon ruptures in young and active patients","volume":"50","author":"Bissig","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20100429-10","article-title":"Outcomes and practical information for patients choosing nonoperative treatment for distal biceps ruptures","volume":"33","author":"Geaney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Orthop."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2020.03.013","article-title":"Distal biceps tendon rupture: Is surgery the best course of treatment? Two case reports","volume":"34","author":"Parikh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/BCO.0000000000000485","article-title":"Distal biceps tendon ruptures and repairs: Current trends","volume":"28","author":"Sethi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Orthop. Pract."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2009.06.001","article-title":"Elbow strength and endurance in patients with a ruptured distal biceps tendon","volume":"19","author":"Nesterenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/BTH.0000000000000289","article-title":"Anatomic Restoration of the Biceps Brachii Insertion Through a Single Anterior Incision","volume":"24","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tech. Hand Up. Extrem. Surg."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/BTE.0000000000000011","article-title":"Repair and Rehabilitation of Distal Biceps Ruptures","volume":"15","author":"Jenk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tech. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0012.3358","article-title":"Treatment of Distal Biceps Tendon Injuries with Particular Emphasis on Postoperative Physiotherapy","volume":"20","author":"Bieniek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ortop. Traumatol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2019.12.006","article-title":"Return to work following a distal biceps repair: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"29","author":"Rubinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.26603\/ijspt20190308","article-title":"Rehabilitation following distal biceps repair","volume":"14","author":"Logan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"i2016","article-title":"GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks: A systematic and transparent approach to making well informed healthcare choices. 1: Introduction","volume":"353","author":"Moberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-022-00550-4","article-title":"Reduced complication rate with simultaneous detethering and spinal deformity correction surgery compared to staged surgeries in patients with early onset scoliosis","volume":"10","author":"Kunes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1002\/term.3360","article-title":"Evolution of functional tissue engineering for tendon and ligament repair","volume":"16","author":"Butler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2018.10.012","article-title":"Double incision repair technique with immediate mobilization for acute distal biceps tendon ruptures provides good results after 2 years in active patients","volume":"105","author":"Barret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.20.02047","article-title":"Is Immobilization Necessary for Early Return to Work Following Distal Biceps Repair Using a Cortical Button Technique?: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"103","author":"Bergman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465251317207","article-title":"No Clinically Significant Differences in Patient-Reported Outcomes and Range of Motion Between Early and Delayed Mobilization After Primary Distal Biceps Tendon Repair: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Simpson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/BCO.0000000000000210","article-title":"An update on distal biceps tendon ruptures","volume":"26","author":"Chebli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Orthop. Pract."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.11.066","article-title":"Does immediate elbow mobilization after distal biceps tendon repair carry the risk of wound breakdown, failure of repair, or patient dissatisfaction?","volume":"25","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s11552-008-9129-8","article-title":"Is therapy necessary after distal biceps tendon repair","volume":"3","author":"Spencer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hand"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delgado, P., and Yihun, Y. (2023). Integration of Task-Based Exoskeleton with an Assist-as-Needed Algorithm for Patient-Centered Elbow Rehabilitation. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052460"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2010.08.007","article-title":"Blood flow restriction by low compressive force prevents disuse muscular weakness","volume":"14","author":"Kubota","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"663","article-title":"Rehabilitation of a surgically repaired rupture of the distal biceps tendon in an active middle aged male: A case report","volume":"7","author":"Horschig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.35366\/104566","article-title":"Acute distal biceps repair using double incision technique: Results of a standardized home rehabilitation protocol","volume":"35","author":"Forns","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ortop. Mex."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2021.01.034","article-title":"Return to sport and weightlifting analysis following distal biceps tendon repair","volume":"30","author":"Gowd","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s11678-019-00552-1","article-title":"Distale Bizepssehnenruptur","volume":"15","author":"Krickl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obere Extrem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-007-0326-7","article-title":"Rupture of the distal biceps brachii tendon: Conservative treatment versus anatomic reinsertion\u2014Clinical and radiological evaluation after 2 years","volume":"127","author":"Chillemi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"417","article-title":"Distal biceps tendon rupture: Current concepts","volume":"44","author":"Sarda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inj.-Int. J. Care Inj."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0013","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.OA.19.00013","article-title":"Outcomes and Complications After Repair of Complete Distal Biceps Tendon Rupture with the Cortical Button Technique","volume":"4","author":"Huynh","year":"2019","journal-title":"JBJS Open Access"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.32098\/mltj.02.2019.13","article-title":"Reconstruction of acute distal biceps tendon ruptures with ToggleLoc. Clinical, functional and radiographic outcomes at 5-year follow-up","volume":"9","author":"Lanzetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Muscles Ligaments Tendons J."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"579","article-title":"Reconstruction of a chronic distal biceps tendon rupture 4 years after initial injury","volume":"37","author":"McCarty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.10.008","article-title":"A comparison of nonoperative vs. Endobutton repair of distal biceps ruptures","volume":"25","author":"Legg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2013.12.030","article-title":"Primary repair of retracted distal biceps tendon ruptures in extreme flexion","volume":"23","author":"Morrey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-019-02470-y","article-title":"Distal biceps section and reinsertion for chronic distal biceps tendinopathy","volume":"29","author":"Faict","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-014-0314-3","article-title":"Repair of distal biceps tendon acute ruptures with two suture anchors and anterior mini-open single incision technique: Clinical follow-up and isokinetic evaluation","volume":"99","author":"Gasparella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-014-0318-z","article-title":"Anatomic reinsertion of the distal biceps tendon rupture through a single anterior approach: Extensile or mini-invasive approach? A retrospective study at mean 45-month follow-up","volume":"98","author":"Murena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2023.09.363","article-title":"A new anatomical technique for repairing the distal biceps, posterior to anterior, through a single anterior incision","volume":"42","author":"Darlis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hand Surg. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-019-02376-9","article-title":"Outcomes of distal biceps tendon reattachment using the ToggleLocTM fixation device with ZipLoopTM technology with single mini-open technique","volume":"29","author":"Elkholti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2021.03.001","article-title":"Outcomes of distal biceps tendon repair using a dual incision, cortical button technique: A single surgeon study","volume":"5","author":"Khwaja","year":"2021","journal-title":"JSES Int."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2024.03.028","article-title":"Distal Biceps Tendon Repair Using a Double Intracortical Button Anatomical Footprint Repair Technique","volume":"33","author":"Mannan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"e60343","article-title":"Acute Distal Biceps Tendon Repair with Cortical Button Offers Good Functional Outcomes: A Retrospective Study Focusing on Range of Motion, Muscle Strength and Pain","volume":"16","author":"Mannan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s11552-010-9286-4","article-title":"Repair of acute and chronic distal biceps tendon ruptures using the EndoButton","volume":"6","author":"McCarty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hand"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(03)00173-3","article-title":"EndoButton-assisted repair of distal biceps tendon ruptures","volume":"12","author":"Greenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"103","article-title":"Distal biceps tendon injuries\u2014Current treatment options","volume":"68","author":"Quach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Hosp. Jt. Dis."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507300690","article-title":"Failure Strengths in Distal Biceps Tendon Repair","volume":"35","author":"Kettler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506294854","article-title":"Biomechanical Evaluation of 4 Techniques of Distal Biceps Brachii Tendon Repair","volume":"35","author":"Mazzocca","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659302100119","article-title":"Repair of distal biceps tendon ruptures in athletes","volume":"21","author":"Shields","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-020-05930-9","article-title":"The majority of patients return to athletic activity following biceps tenodesis","volume":"29","author":"Cassidy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.11.010","article-title":"Distal biceps ruptures in National Football League players: Return to play and performance analysis","volume":"30","author":"McGinniss","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2004.12.003","article-title":"Immediate range of motion after distal biceps tendon repair","volume":"14","author":"Cheung","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465241295618","article-title":"Return to Sport After Distal Biceps Tendon Repair: A Systematic Review","volume":"53","author":"Boufadel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2016.1129260","article-title":"A functional analysis of distal biceps tendon repair: Single-incision Endobutton technique vs. two-incision modified Boyd\u2013Anderson technique","volume":"44","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physician Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.31139\/chnriop.2023.88.4.3","article-title":"Return to physical activity after the surgical treatment of distal biceps tendon tears","volume":"88","author":"Ciechanowicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chir. Narz\u0105d\u00f3w Ruchu Ortop. Pol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23259671211065772","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671211065772","article-title":"Surgical Results of Chronic Distal Biceps Ruptures: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Bajwa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2005.10.004","article-title":"Distal biceps tendon reconstruction in chronic ruptures","volume":"15","author":"Darlis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eats.2016.02.016","article-title":"Chronic Distal Biceps Repair With an Achilles Allograft","volume":"5","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthrosc. Tech."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mporth.2020.05.001","article-title":"Disorders of the distal biceps and triceps tendons","volume":"34","author":"Derias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orthop. Trauma."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2019.01.006","article-title":"Management of chronic distal biceps tendon ruptures: Primary repair vs. semitendinosus autograft reconstruction","volume":"28","author":"Frank","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"323","article-title":"Outcomes and Complications after Different Surgical Techniques for the Treatment of Chronic Distal Biceps Tendon Ruptures: A Systematic Review and Quantitative Synthesis","volume":"2","author":"Synovec","year":"2022","journal-title":"JSES Rev. Rep. Tech."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2023.03.004","article-title":"Reconstruction of chronic distal biceps ruptures by dermal matrix","volume":"42","author":"Badia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hand Surg. Rehabil."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/6\/2430\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T10:14:00Z","timestamp":1774260840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/6\/2430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15062430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15062430","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]}}}