{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T01:56:05Z","timestamp":1781920565898,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) is a possibly fatal condition resulting from extreme or novel exercise that causes substantial muscle breakdown. ER has been observed during preseason football; however, prospective research has yet to characterize normal versus ER responses using a repeated measures design. This study characterized ER biomarker responses related to muscle damage, and renal and hepatic stress, after two NCAA Division I preseason football scrimmages. Methods: Following a prospective, repeated measures design, blood and urine samples from 17 players were collected immediately (IPS) and 24 h post-scrimmage (24hPS). A subset (n = 13) provided samples after 48 h of rest as a non-exertion (NE) comparator group. A Comprehensive Metabolic Panel was run on serum samples, and urine samples were analyzed for myoglobin and creatinine. Values were compared with reference ranges, mixed models evaluated time effects, and linear regressions examined associations between CPK and renal and hepatic biomarkers. Results: No participants were diagnosed with ER. A time effect was observed for CPK (p &lt; 0.01), with CPK greater IPS (991.6 \u00b1 560.8 IU\/L) compared to NE (267.7 \u00b1 205.3 IU\/L), and remaining elevated above reference ranges at 24hPS (739.2 \u00b1 442.6 IU\/L). Similar time effects were observed with LDH, AST, and ALT (p &lt; 0.01). Serum creatinine increased above reference values and NE concentrations (p &lt; 0.01). CPK correlated (p &lt; 0.01 for all) with LDH (r = 0.69), serum myoglobin (r = 0.57), creatinine (r = 0.42), AST (r = 0.77), and ALT (r = 0.38). Conclusions: Biomarkers of muscle damage, renal stress, and liver function were higher IPS, with only partial recovery by 24hPS. These findings provide preliminary reference patterns for biomarker fluctuations and support individualized, serial monitoring to identify abnormal responses and promote early detection of ER.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15072502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T09:11:14Z","timestamp":1774429874000},"page":"2502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterizing Biomarkers of Muscle Damage in Collegiate Football Players: A Prospective, Repeated Measures Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Grace","family":"Brandhurst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Piedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Etheredge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSU Athletics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Martone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6860-0828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather D.","family":"Quiriarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA"},{"name":"Institute for the Health & Performance of Champions, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"IV","given":"Paul","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Calvert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSU Athletics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA"},{"name":"Institute for the Health & Performance of Champions, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0739-0959","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Nathan P.","family":"Lemoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSU Athletics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Marucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSU Athletics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA"},{"name":"Institute for the Health & Performance of Champions, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4131-9523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian A.","family":"Irving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA"},{"name":"Institute for the Health & Performance of Champions, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA"},{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Zura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"},{"name":"Institute for the Health & Performance of Champions, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Spielmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA"},{"name":"Institute for the Health & Performance of Champions, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA"},{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4905-4491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil M.","family":"Johannsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA"},{"name":"Institute for the Health & Performance of Champions, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA"},{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"},{"name":"Institute for the Health & Performance of Champions, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pero, R., Brancaccio, M., Mennitti, C., Gentile, L., Arpino, S., De Falco, 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