{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T17:28:17Z","timestamp":1789061297195,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Rezum therapy is a novel, minimally invasive way of treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) that involves the injection of heated water vapour into the prostate. It was approved by NICE in 2018 and is now available in select centres across the UK. It has been shown to have significant advantages over standard BPH therapies: it can be done under local anaesthetic, making it an option for those unsuitable for general anaesthetic, it is suitable for treating patients who want to maintain ejaculation, and it is cost-effective. It has been recommended as a treatment for smaller prostates (&lt;80cc) and in cases where patients are keen to preserve ejaculatory function. Our unit performs this procedure under local anaesthetic (LA) with a transperineal ultrasound-guided peri-prostatic block and urethral lidocaine gel in the clinic. We aimed to analyse the patients undergoing Rezum in our institution to establish its tolerability under local anaesthetic, its effectiveness and its complication rate. Methods: We analysed all patients who underwent Rezum prostate steam ablation in our institution between May 2023 and September 2025. From individual patient notes, we collected data on patient demographics, prostate size and shape, pre- and post-op IPSS and Qmax, and post-void residual. Patient-reported outcomes such as pain during the procedure and satisfaction of the procedure were also collected and analysed as well as complication rates. Results: The data of 82 patients undergoing LA Rezum in the above time period were collected and analysed. They had a mean prostate size of 53cc (minimum 21cc and maximum of 100cc). The results showed significant improvement in voiding parameters, with Qmax improving by 40.1% (p &lt; 0.05) and PVR by 40.8% (p &lt; 0.05). Patients similarly reported improved symptoms, with IPSS improving by 54.7% (p &lt; 0.05) and QOL scores by 54.1% (p &lt; 0.05). The procedure had a high degree of satisfaction, with 36 of the 49 patients who completed the post-procedure questionnaire recording an overall satisfaction of 9 or 10 out of 10. The mean intraoperative visual analogue (VAS) pain score was 3.5. Conclusions: Rezum is a minimally invasive procedure that has been seen to produce significant and reliable improvements in patients\u2019 lower urinary tract symptoms and voiding dynamics. It has a low complication rate, is tolerated well and is readily performed under local anaesthetic in the ambulatory setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15072560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:45:53Z","timestamp":1774615553000},"page":"2560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rezum: Analysis of the Tolerability and Complications of the Procedure Performed Under Local Anaesthetic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rowan","family":"Burns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NHS Fife, University Health Board, Kirkcaldy KY2 5AH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barend","family":"Dreyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHS Fife, University Health Board, Kirkcaldy KY2 5AH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1836-8992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinan","family":"Khadhouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHS Fife, University Health Board, Kirkcaldy KY2 5AH, UK"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1349-8437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feras","family":"Al Jaafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHS Fife, University Health Board, Kirkcaldy KY2 5AH, UK"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"BAUS (2025). Prostate Symptoms (Bladder Outlet Obstruction), British Association of Urological Surgeons. Available online: https:\/\/www.baus.org.uk\/patients\/conditions\/9\/prostate_symptoms_bladder_outlet_obstruction\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1590\/s1677-5538.ibju.2023.0016","article-title":"Novel minimally invasive treatments for lower urinary tract symptoms: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Oddens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Braz. J. 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Urol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/7\/2560\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T13:16:25Z","timestamp":1774617385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/7\/2560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15072560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15072560","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]}}}