{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T22:28:58Z","timestamp":1788474538706,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Marshall B. Ketchum University\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t              https:\/\/ror.org\/03zhqv657"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: To investigate whether chronic cosmetics use near or directly on the eyelid margin contributes to tear film instability and meibomian gland dysfunction. Methods: Subjects were enrolled in one of three groups: those who rarely wear makeup (No-M), those who wear it frequently but only outside the eyelid margin (Min-M), and those who wear it frequently and directly on the eyelid margin (W-M). Subjects were assessed for dry eye signs and symptoms by a masked examiner. Lipid layer thickness (LLT), tear meniscus height, meibomian gland excreta grade, number of glands secreting, corneal and conjunctival staining and tear breakup time were assessed. Results: 10 No-M, 18 Min-M, and 21 W-M subjects completed the study. Average fluorescein breakup time was 4.6 s in each group (p = 0.839, 1-way ANOVA). There were higher scores (worse findings) in the marginal eyeliner sample for symptoms (modified Schein, OSDI, SPEED), Oxford and total NEI staining and lower lid meibomian secretions. The W-M group demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the meibomian gland excreta grade (a worsening) compared to the No-M group (mean grades 1.2 and 0.55 respectively; Tukey test, adjusted p &lt; 0.05, 95% CI 0.055\u20131.187). LLT, tear breakup time, eyelid marginal signs, and meibomian gland dropout had no differences among groups. Conclusions: Eyeliner wear both outside and on the eyelid margin demonstrated increased ocular staining and decreased gland excretion quality, compared to non-makeup users. The meibomian gland excreta decrement may lead to worsening meibomian gland function and potentially glandular atrophy over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15072616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T08:22:36Z","timestamp":1774858956000},"page":"2616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Marginal Eyeliner Use and Meibomian Gland Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mariam","family":"Alkawally","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Calgary, AB T2V 4J2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0437-8848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachelle J.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern California College of Optometry, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corina van de","family":"Pol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, Highpoint University, Highpoint, NC 27260, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Sasai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Garden Grove, CA 90620, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew Loc","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry R.","family":"Paugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern California College of Optometry, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000181","article-title":"Impact of Eye Cosmetics on the Eye, Adnexa, and Ocular Surface","volume":"42","author":"Ng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S150926","article-title":"Investigating the effect of eye cosmetics on the tear film: Current insights","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Optom."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2021.1966476","article-title":"Eye Make-up Products and Dry Eye Disease: A Mini Review","volume":"47","author":"Yazdani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. 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