{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T05:38:15Z","timestamp":1775108295945,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023\/05073-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/05073-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023\/11825-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/11825-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq\/Brazil)\n              https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","award":["302558\/2022-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302558\/2022-5"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq\/Brazil)\n              https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","award":["305444\/2023-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305444\/2023-9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major global health concern associated with serious complications, high healthcare costs, and reduced quality of life. Musculoskeletal pain is a common complication and contributes to limitations in daily activities and increased healthcare utilization. Pain is a multidimensional phenomenon typically classified as nociceptive, neuropathic, or nociplastic; however, evidence regarding pain mechanisms and phenotypes in people with DM remains limited. This review aimed to synthesize and critically review the literature on musculoskeletal pain in individuals with DM, focusing on pain mechanisms and phenotypes according to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classification. A narrative review with systematic search procedures examined the applicability of the seven clinical criteria proposed by the IASP for nociplastic pain to musculoskeletal pain phenotyping. Searches were conducted in PubMed and Web of Science from inception to December 2025. Evidence was analyzed according to the IASP nociplastic pain criteria to explore alignment with pain phenotyping approaches. Overall, the literature indicates that neuropathic pain mechanisms are relatively well documented and consistently reported in individuals with diabetes, while nociceptive musculoskeletal drivers are also described but with more limited and heterogeneous evidence. In contrast, evidence addressing hypersensitivity phenomena and other domains related to nociplastic pain remains scarce and is still emerging. This pattern suggests that current research on pain in people with DM remains focused on neuropathic mechanisms. Future research adopting standardized pain phenotyping frameworks is needed to support more precise and individualized pain management strategies in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15072639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T08:09:18Z","timestamp":1774944558000},"page":"2639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond Neuropathy: The Mechanisms and Phenotypes of Diabetes-Related Musculoskeletal Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"L\u00edvia Bernardi","family":"Nardini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Analysis and Intervention of the Shoulder Complex, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2348-1372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia Kortstee","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Analysis and Intervention of the Shoulder Complex, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4976-6563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo","family":"Nijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain in Motion Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pijnpraxis.be Interdisciplinary Practice for Pain Management, 3970 Leopoldsburg, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Unit of Physiotherapy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1254-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel C. N.","family":"Sacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy Department, School of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8961-4353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Rezende","family":"Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Analysis and Intervention of the Shoulder Complex, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(25)00299-2","article-title":"11th Edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, Regional, and National Diabetes Prevalence Estimates for 2024 and Projections for 2050","volume":"14","author":"Genitsaridi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2016). 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