{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T08:50:03Z","timestamp":1775638203982,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Venous thromboembolism (VTE), comprising deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is an important but under-recognised complication in neuromuscular diseases. In adults, emerging epidemiological data suggests increased VTE occurrence in conditions such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, myotonic dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, inflammatory neuropathies, inflammatory myopathies, and POEMS syndrome. This heightened risk reflects not only disease-related immobility but also disorder-specific biological mechanisms, including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and cardiomyopathy-related stasis. Therapies such as corticosteroids, IVIG-related hyperviscosity, long-term central venous access, perioperative immobility, critical illness, and complex orthopaedic procedures have prothrombotic effects. Despite this multifactorial risk profile, disease-specific guidance for thromboprophylaxis is lacking, and current practice relies heavily on extrapolation from general medical and surgical recommendations rather than data derived from neuromuscular cohorts. In children and adolescents, the VTE burden is less well-characterised, but events have been reported in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, congenital myopathies, and spinal muscular atrophy particularly with advanced motor impairment, severe cardiomyopathy, ventilatory insufficiency, and prolonged hospitalisation. Beyond venous events, selected neuromuscular disorders also exhibit increased arterial thrombosis risk. Myotonic dystrophy and dystrophinopathies are associated with cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia that predispose to systemic embolism and stroke, while inflammatory myopathies may demonstrate arterial events related to vasculitic or endothelial processes, although overall evidence remains limited. This review summarises available empirical and epidemiological evidence on venous and arterial thrombosis across adult and paediatric neuromuscular disorders, outlines disease-specific mechanistic pathways, examines treatment-related contributors, and highlights key evidence gaps that must be addressed to guide rational and targeted prophylaxis strategies in this complex, heterogeneous population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15082810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T07:25:12Z","timestamp":1775633112000},"page":"2810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thrombosis in Neuromuscular Medicine: Current Evidence, Unmet Needs, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4994-6891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi Xuan","family":"Quak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3641-0549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Furene","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paediatric Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat\u2014National University Children\u2019s Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stacey K. H.","family":"Tay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paediatric Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat\u2014National University Children\u2019s Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8021-0707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei Lin","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat\u2014National University Children\u2019s Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7910-3154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eng Soo","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Haematology, Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore 119074, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kay Wei Ping","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00552-1","article-title":"Interplay between inflammation and thrombosis in cardiovascular pathology","volume":"18","author":"Stark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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