{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T05:09:30Z","timestamp":1775797770270,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SCU2025J4183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCU2025J4183"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2026NSFSC1556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026NSFSC1556"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This case report presents a 12-year-old male with vertically transmitted chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, exhibiting a rare pan-reactive serological profile (concurrent HBsAg, HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb, and HBcAb positivity) alongside fluctuating low-level viremia (HBV DNA: 1.06 \u00d7 102 IU\/mL to undetectable). Rigorous exclusion of technical artifacts confirmed the authenticity of this atypical serologic pattern, observed in &lt;0.001% of the general population. Methods: Liver biopsy and immunohistochemical staining were performed to evaluate hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. HBV serological markers and viral load were quantified using commercial diagnostic kits, with longitudinal monitoring for 18 months. Results: Liver biopsy revealed Grade 2 inflammation with focal HBsAg\/HBcAg expression, supporting immune-active chronic hepatitis B (CHB) despite partial seroconversion. The patient\u2019s clinical course highlights key challenges in pediatric HBV management: (1) delayed immune reconstitution (18-month longitudinal HBeAg\/HBeAb dynamics), (2) non-linear virologic-ALT correlation, and (3) diagnostic ambiguity in pan-positive serology\u2014potentially reflecting S-gene escape mutants or transitional immune responses. Initiation of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) achieved sustained virologic suppression, underscoring the importance of early antiviral therapy in pediatric CHB with atypical markers. Conclusions: This case provides preliminary insights into the complex interplay between viral evolution and immature host immunity, advocating for refined monitoring protocols integrating high-sensitivity HBV DNA, quantitative serology, and non-invasive fibrosis assessment in pediatric HBV care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15082823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T09:49:44Z","timestamp":1775641784000},"page":"2823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Rare Pediatric Presentation: Concurrent Detection of All Five Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Serological Markers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Menglan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wensheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4042-8960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengxiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenxi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C.Y., Wu, Y.X., Zhang, C., Ji, D., and Wang, F.S. 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