{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:48:15Z","timestamp":1789130895321,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a pervasive atherosclerotic condition affecting well over 100 million adults worldwide and associated with major functional limitations, reduced quality of life, and elevated risks of myocardial infarction, stroke, limb events, and mortality. Exercise therapy\u2014preferably supervised or delivered through structured, monitored home-based programs\u2014is a first-line, guideline-endorsed therapy that improves walking performance and patient-reported outcomes and contributes to comprehensive secondary prevention. This review synthesizes mechanistic underpinnings (endothelial, angiogenic, metabolic, and autonomic) and appraises the comparative effectiveness, safety, and implementation models of supervised exercise therapy (SET), structured home-based and hybrid programs, and alternative modalities in PAD. Finally, we summarize policy aspects and persistent gaps to guide clinical practice and future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15082826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T11:41:18Z","timestamp":1775648478000},"page":"2826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation for Peripheral Artery Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4119-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Giallauria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6330-1738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Pacileo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Cardiology, \u201cUmberto I\u201d Hospital, 84014 Nocera Inferiore, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1756-9638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Cuomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, \u201cOspedale del Mare\u201d, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Vallefuoco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, \u201cV. Monaldi\u201d Hospital, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Catalini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8360-5173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Crescenzo","family":"Testa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Savarese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Cardiology, \u201cUmberto I\u201d Hospital, 84014 Nocera Inferiore, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7060-6938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Mauriello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Institute National Cancer, IRCCS, Foundation \u201cG. Pascale\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8499-5428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmine","family":"Izzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2379-1960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Ciccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9227-0360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, \u201cV. Monaldi\u201d Hospital, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9698-9145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonello","family":"D\u2019Andrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Cardiology, \u201cUmberto I\u201d Hospital, 84014 Nocera Inferiore, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, \u201cV. Monaldi\u201d Hospital, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2021.101082","article-title":"Peripheral Artery Disease: A Comprehensive Updated Review","volume":"47","author":"Shamaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1313","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001251","article-title":"2024 ACC\/AHA\/AACVPR\/APMA\/ABC\/SCAI\/SVM\/SVN\/SVS\/SIR\/VESS Guideline for the Management of Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"149","author":"Gornik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.12.037","article-title":"Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II)","volume":"45","author":"Norgren","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Hern\u00e1ndez, N., Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez, J.M., Nicanor-Ju\u00e1rez, L.E., Torres-Machorro, A., Garc\u00eda-Alva, J.R., Villamil-Casta\u00f1eda, C., Borgonio-Cuadra, V.M., and Flores-Garc\u00eda, M. (2025). Genetic Insights into Peripheral Artery Disease: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13112723"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Peripheral Artery Disease Collaborators (2023). Global Burden of Peripheral Artery Disease and Its Risk Factors, 1990\u20132019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Glob. Health, 11, e1553\u2013e1565."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2022.03.002","article-title":"Global Death Burden and Attributable Risk Factors of Peripheral Artery Disease by Age, Sex, SDI Regions, and Countries from 1990 to 2030: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"347","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.082832bs","article-title":"Shear Stress Regulation of Nitric Oxide Production in Uterine and Placental Artery Endothelial Cells: Experimental Studies and Hemodynamic Models of Shear Stresses on Endothelial Cells","volume":"54","author":"Sprague","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7239639","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7239639","article-title":"Exercise Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Aging and Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"2016","author":"Sallam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glq113","article-title":"Mechanisms of Vascular Aging: New Perspectives","volume":"65","author":"Ungvari","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz350","article-title":"Expert Consensus and Evidence-Based Recommendations for the Assessment of Flow-Mediated Dilation in Humans","volume":"40","author":"Thijssen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.09.047","article-title":"Flow-Mediated Dilation and Cardiovascular Risk Prediction: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis","volume":"168","author":"Ras","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-023-10451-0","article-title":"Exercise Training Improves Brachial Artery Endothelial Function, but Does Not Alter Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, X., Chen, Y., Zhen, K., Ren, S., Lv, Y., and Yu, L. (2023). Effect of Continuous Aerobic Exercise on Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1043108"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tryfonos, A., Tzanis, G., Pitsolis, T., Karatzanos, E., Koutsilieris, M., Nanas, S., and Philippou, A. (2021). Exercise Training Enhances Angiogenesis-Related Gene Responses in Skeletal Muscle of Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081915"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.07.015","article-title":"Exercise-Induced Angiogenesis Is Dependent on Metabolically Primed ATF3\/4+ Endothelial Cells","volume":"33","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1303","article-title":"Exercise Therapy for Chronic Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease: A Clinical Consensus Document of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Aorta and Peripheral Vascular Diseases in Collaboration with the European Society of Vascular Medicine and the European Society for Vascular Surgery","volume":"45","author":"Mazzolai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad261","article-title":"Winners Do What They Fear: Exercise and Peripheral Arterial Disease-an Umbrella Review","volume":"31","author":"Lista","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800419884642","article-title":"Low-Intensity Exercise Training Increases Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease","volume":"22","author":"Brenner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorriento, D., and Iaccarino, G. (2019). Inflammation and Cardiovascular Diseases: The Most Recent Findings. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20163879"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theofilis, P., Sagris, M., Oikonomou, E., Antonopoulos, A.S., Siasos, G., Tsioufis, C., and Tousoulis, D. (2021). Inflammatory Mechanisms Contributing to Endothelial Dysfunction. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9070781"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000110785.96039.f6","article-title":"Regulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase by Tetrahydrobiopterin in Vascular Disease","volume":"24","author":"Alp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1274","article-title":"Limiting Inflammatory Responses during Activation of Innate Immunity","volume":"6","author":"Han","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.04.060","article-title":"Association between C-Reactive Protein Level and Peripheral Arterial Disease among US Adults without Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, or Hypertension","volume":"154","author":"Shankar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2013.12.002","article-title":"Effect of Treadmill Training on Endothelial Function and Walking Abilities in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease","volume":"64","author":"Januszek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1722191","article-title":"Cycling Exercise Training Enhances Platelet Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"121","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.7231","article-title":"Home-Based Walking Exercise Intervention in Peripheral Artery Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"310","author":"McDermott","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.075770","article-title":"Supervised Exercise versus Primary Stenting for Claudication Resulting from Aortoiliac Peripheral Artery Disease: Six-Month Outcomes from the Claudication: Exercise versus Endoluminal Revascularization (CLEVER) Study","volume":"125","author":"Murphy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.14851","article-title":"Endovascular Revascularization and Supervised Exercise for Peripheral Artery Disease and Intermittent Claudication: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"314","author":"Fakhry","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010703","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.121.010703","article-title":"Endovascular Revascularization Plus Supervised Exercise Versus Supervised Exercise Only for Intermittent Claudication: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Fakhry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"CD000990","article-title":"Exercise for Intermittent Claudication","volume":"12","author":"Lane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.2536","article-title":"Effect of Low-Intensity vs High-Intensity Home-Based Walking Exercise on Walk Distance in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease: The LITE Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"325","author":"McDermott","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2025.02.027","article-title":"Home-Based Exercise and Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Peripheral Artery Disease: The LITE Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"244","author":"Whipple","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.3391","article-title":"Effect of a Home-Based, Walking Exercise Behavior Change Intervention vs Usual Care on Walking in Adults with Peripheral Artery Disease: The MOSAIC Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"327","author":"Bearne","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2024.10.013","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Home-Based Walking Exercise for Peripheral Artery Disease","volume":"81","author":"Thangada","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, I., Moreira, C.S., Pedras, S., Oliveira, R., Veiga, C., Moreira, L., Santar\u00e9m, D., Guedes, D., and Paredes, H. (2023). Effect of a Monitored Home-Based Exercise Program Combined with a Behavior Change Intervention and a Smartphone App on Walking Distances and Quality of Life in Adults with Peripheral Arterial Disease: The WalkingPad Randomized Clinical Trial. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1272897"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2024.09.017","article-title":"A Hybrid Rehabilitation Program for Adults with Peripheral Artery Disease (HY-PAD): A Pre-Post Intervention Study to Assess Its Feasibility","volume":"7","author":"Terada","year":"2025","journal-title":"CJC Open"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X211060388","article-title":"Safety of Home-Based Exercise for People with Intermittent Claudication: A Systematic Review","volume":"27","author":"Waddell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e086013","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-086013","article-title":"Effectiveness of Home-Based Walking Exercise for Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease and Intermittent Claudication: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad303","article-title":"From Bed Rest to Never-Ending Walk: Highlighting the Importance of Exercise Training in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease","volume":"31","author":"Lanzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007953","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.121.007953","article-title":"Supervised Exercise Therapy for Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease Among Medicare Beneficiaries Between 2017 and 2018: Participation Rates and Outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Divakaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2022.09.014","article-title":"Barriers to Participation in Supervised Exercise Therapy Reported by People with Peripheral Artery Disease","volume":"77","author":"Cetlin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.3275","article-title":"Effect of a Home-Based Exercise Intervention of Wearable Technology and Telephone Coaching on Walking Performance in Peripheral Artery Disease: The HONOR Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"319","author":"McDermott","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e038921","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.038921","article-title":"Effect of Gamification Plus Automated Coaching to Increase Physical Activity Among Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease: The GAMEPAD Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"14","author":"Fanaroff","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X231215246","article-title":"Uptake and Outcomes of Supervised Exercise Therapy for Peripheral Artery Disease: The Importance of Vascular Medicine Specialists at a Large Midwestern Health Care System during the First 5 Years of CMS Reimbursement","volume":"29","author":"Whipple","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317713329","article-title":"The Effect of Progressive Resistance Training on Aerobic Fitness and Strength in Adults with Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials","volume":"24","author":"Hollings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marterer, N., Mugele, H., Sch\u00e4fer, S.K., and Faulhaber, M. (2023). Effects of Upper Body Exercise Training on Aerobic Fitness and Performance in Healthy People: A Systematic Review. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12030355"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapusta, J., Kapusta, A., Babicki, M., and Irzma\u0144ski, R. (2024). Evaluation of Peripheral Circulatory Changes Following Hydrotherapy and Controlled Physical Training in Patients with Atherosclerotic Lower Limb Ischemia. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14121578"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"CD014736","article-title":"Effects of Additional Exercise Therapy after a Successful Vascular Intervention for People with Symptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease","volume":"5","author":"Cucato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2019.02.018","article-title":"Supervised Exercise Therapy and Revascularization for Intermittent Claudication: Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"12","author":"Saratzis","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2017.01.027","article-title":"Comparative Efficacy of Endovascular Revascularization Versus Supervised Exercise Training in Patients with Intermittent Claudication: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"10","author":"Pandey","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s40256-024-00716-7","article-title":"Exercise Training Enhances Brachial Artery Endothelial Function, Possibly via Improved HDL-C, Not LDL-C and TG, in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1177\/1741826711415679","article-title":"Effect of Exercise Training on Vascular Endothelial Function in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"19","author":"Luk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anghel, R., Adam, C.A., Mitu, O., Marcu, D.T.M., Onofrei, V., Roca, M., Costache, A.D., Miftode, R.S., Tinica, G., and Mitu, F. (2022). Cardiac Rehabilitation and Mortality Risk Reduction in Peripheral Artery Disease at 6-Month Outcome. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12061500"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2021.11.011","article-title":"Comprehensive Cardiac Rehabilitation Program for Peripheral Arterial Diseases","volume":"80","author":"Yasu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.10198","article-title":"Two-Year Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial of Revascularization in Patients with Intermittent Claudication","volume":"103","author":"Nordanstig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.23736\/S0021-9509.18.10346-6","article-title":"Combination of Endovascular Revascularization and Supervised Exercise Therapy for Intermittent Claudication: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"59","author":"Klaphake","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.1608","article-title":"Effects of 12 Weeks of Supervised Exercise After Endovascular Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"20","author":"Bergland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiother. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2024.01.016","article-title":"Home-Based Circuit Training and Community Walking for Intermittent Claudication","volume":"105","author":"Waddell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06279-9","article-title":"WalkingPad Protocol: A Randomized Clinical Trial of Behavioral and Motivational Intervention Added to Smartphone-Enabled Supervised Home-Based Exercise in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease and Intermittent Claudication","volume":"23","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753944720924270","DOI":"10.1177\/1753944720924270","article-title":"Exercise Therapy in Routine Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease and Intermittent Claudication: A Scoping Review","volume":"14","author":"Abaraogu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2023.08.067","article-title":"Editor\u2019s Choice\u2014European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2024 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Asymptomatic Lower Limb Peripheral Arterial Disease and Intermittent Claudication","volume":"67","author":"Nordanstig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giallauria, F., Di Lorenzo, A., Venturini, E., Pacileo, M., D\u2019Andrea, A., Garofalo, U., De Lucia, F., Testa, C., Cuomo, G., and Iannuzzo, G. (2021). Frailty in Acute and Chronic Coronary Syndrome Patients Entering Cardiac Rehabilitation. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081696"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, B., Zhou, Y., Tao, X., Hou, X., Du, L., Lv, Y., and Yu, L. (2024). The Effect of Exercise on Flow-Mediated Dilation in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1347399"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luc\u00e0, F., Abrignani, M.G., Parrini, I., Di Fusco, S.A., Giubilato, S., Rao, C.M., Piccioni, L., Cipolletta, L., Passaretti, B., and Giallauria, F. (2022). Update on Management of Cardiovascular Diseases in Women. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051176"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101233","article-title":"Frailty Is Highly Prevalent in Specific Cardiovascular Diseases and Females, but Significantly Worsens Prognosis in All Affected Patients: A Systematic Review","volume":"66","author":"Marinus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znac134","article-title":"Effect of High-Pain versus Low-Pain Structured Exercise on Walking Ability in People with Intermittent Claudication: Meta-Analysis","volume":"109","author":"Perks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.06.027","article-title":"Antithrombotic Strategies for Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease: JACC Scientific Statement","volume":"84","author":"Bonaca","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368504251370679","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504251370679","article-title":"PCSK9 in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives","volume":"108","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Prog."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"200590","article-title":"Effects of PCSK9 Inhibitors on Vascular Function, Lipid Profile, and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Hamzah","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Risk Prev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caturano, A., D\u2019Ardes, D., Simeone, P.G., Lessiani, G., Gregorio, N.D., Andreetto, L., Grassi, D., Serra, C., Santilli, F., and Guagnano, M.T. (2025). SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in PAD: A State-of-the-Art Review. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155549"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deligiannis, A., Sotiriou, P., Deligiannis, P., and Kouidi, E. (2025). The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Exercise-Based Cardiovascular Health Interventions: A Scoping Review. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202509.2345.v1"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miko\u0142ajewska, E., Miko\u0142ajewski, D., Miko\u0142ajczyk, T., and Paczkowski, T. (2025). A Breakthrough in Producing Personalized Solutions for Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy Thanks to the Introduction of AI to Additive Manufacturing. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15042219"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/8\/2826\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T11:59:22Z","timestamp":1775649562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/8\/2826"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15082826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15082826","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]}}}