{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:18:41Z","timestamp":1785406721767,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010724","name":"Health Systems Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["67-060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67-060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010724","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["67-060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67-060"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04yz0nm53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology at Chulalongkorn University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/028wp3y58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007693","name":"King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05jd2pj53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MK Restaurant Group"},{"name":"Aunt Thongkham Foundation"},{"name":"Education and Public Welfare Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an increasingly recognized cause of acute viral hepatitis in Thailand as the burden of hepatitis A, B, and C has declined. HEV is a positive-sense RNA virus in the family Hepeviridae with three major open reading frames encoding replication proteins (ORF1), the capsid protein (ORF2), and an accessory protein involved in viral egress (ORF3). Unlike highly endemic regions where genotypes 1 and 2 are linked to waterborne outbreaks, infections in Thailand are reported mainly as sporadic cases associated with zoonotic transmission, most commonly genotype 3. Objectives: This review summarizes the epidemiology, transmission routes, and public health implications of HEV infection in Thailand. Methods: Peer-reviewed studies on HEV seroprevalence, molecular epidemiology, and transmission in Thailand were identified through PubMed using combinations of the keywords \u201cHEV\u201d and \u201cThailand\u201d. Two investigators independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts. Eligible studies were synthesized qualitatively. Results: Earlier studies suggested low population exposure, but more recent evidence indicates substantial cumulative risk. A nationwide survey among blood donors reported anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence of about 30%, with geographic variation and increasing prevalence with age. Detection of HEV RNA in pigs, slaughterhouse environments, and retail pork products, together with links to raw or undercooked pork consumption, supports pigs as the principal reservoir and foodborne exposure as an important route. Transfusion-associated infection has also been documented. Conclusions: In Thailand, HEV infection is linked mainly to zoonotic and foodborne transmission involving genotype 3. Stronger surveillance, food safety measures, and risk-based blood safety policies are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15082837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T07:48:07Z","timestamp":1775720887000},"page":"2837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hepatitis E in Thailand: From Seroprevalence to Foodborne and Transfusion-Associated Risks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2337-6807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Poovorawan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Fellow of the Royal Society of Thailand (FRS [T]), Sanam Sueapa, Dusit, Bangkok 10300, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9482-6353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sitthichai","family":"Kanokudom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2250-0017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pornjarim","family":"Nilyanimit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiratchaya","family":"Puenpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2026, February 18). 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