{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:30:49Z","timestamp":1790739049283,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has high mortality and disability rates. The timely and precise assessment of SAH severity is of critical importance in predicting life-threatening complications. Several CT-based radiological grading systems have been proposed, but a comprehensive meta-analysis of their inter-rater reliability (IRR) has not been conducted. Methods: This study followed the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Two authors performed a systematic search of original articles in the PubMed database. Methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies (QAREL). Meta-analyses of Cohen\u2019s kappa and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) were performed using R packages \u201cmetafor\u201d and \u201cmeta\u201d. Results: A systematic literature analysis was performed for twenty articles that met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality was moderate in 14 of 20 studies; five studies were of low quality. Only eight articles were suitable for meta-analysis. Cohen\u2019s kappa of the binarized Fisher scale was 0.85 (95% CI 0.70\u20130.93), though it was based on only two studies and 109 patients. The Hijdra scale had an ICC of 0.75 (95% CI 0.29\u20130.93). The original and modified Graeb scales proposed for the assessment of concomitant intra-ventricular hemorrhage demonstrated ICC of 0.83 (95% CI 0.59\u20130.94) and 0.93 (95% CI 0.84\u20130.97), respectively. For other scales, meta-analysis was not possible due to incomplete reporting or single evaluations. Conclusions: The current evidence on IRR of radiological grading scales for SAH is limited, emphasizing the need for further high-quality research to validate their reliability and clinical applicability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15082899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T13:16:17Z","timestamp":1775826977000},"page":"2899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Inter-Rater Reliability of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Radiological Grading Scales: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5538-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria Dmitrievna","family":"Dolotova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics Named After Yuri Veltischev, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 125412 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Research Department, Gammamed-Soft, Ltd., 127473 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7620-0535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatyana Alexandrovna","family":"Solominova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Gammamed-Soft, Ltd., 127473 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia Alexeevna","family":"Polunina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Neurosurgery, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117513 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine, Moscow Health Department, 129090 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4678-060X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgenia Romanovna","family":"Blagosklonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Gammamed-Soft, Ltd., 127473 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalya Sergeevna","family":"Plyusova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine, Moscow Health Department, 129090 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganipa Ramazanovich","family":"Ramazanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine, Moscow Health Department, 129090 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rustam Shakhismailovich","family":"Muslimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine, Moscow Health Department, 129090 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6590-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxim Vladimirovich","family":"Solominov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Gammamed-Soft, Ltd., 127473 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7838-584X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey Vasilevich","family":"Gavrilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Gammamed-Soft, Ltd., 127473 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Scobeltsyn Nuclear Physics Research Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1159\/000506396","article-title":"Global, regional and country-specific burden 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