{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:08:22Z","timestamp":1785434902695,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok","award":["B.SUB.24.509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.24.509"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok","award":["B.SUB.25.509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.25.509"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok","award":["B.SUB.26.509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.26.509"]}]},{"award":["B.SUB.24.509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.24.509"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00y4ya841","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["B.SUB.25.509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.25.509"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00y4ya841","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["B.SUB.26.509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.26.509"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00y4ya841","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Smoking cigarettes is widely recognized as a significant risk factor for tooth loss. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the association between cigarette smoking, smoking cessation, and the number of remaining teeth in an adult population. Methods: Data from the Bialystok Plus population study, collected between November 2018 and January 2024, were analyzed. Participants were stratified into young (20\u201344 years), middle-aged (45\u201364 years), and older (65 years and above) groups. The outcome was the number of lost teeth. Smoking status (non-smoker vs. ever smoker and former smoker vs. current smoker) and smoking duration were the main independent variables. Additional variables included age, sex, dental habits and medical history. Risk factor analysis was done with generalized linear models using the negative binomial family. Results: Ever smoking was significantly associated with tooth count. Differences in the number of remaining teeth between former and current smokers were observed across age groups but not in the overall population. Current smokers exhibited a significantly greater decline in the number of teeth with an increasing fraction of life spent smoking compared to former smokers. Negative binomial regression models showed that ever smoking, when adjusted for age and diabetes, was a risk factor of tooth loss, but a protective effect of smoking cessation was not confirmed. Conclusions: This study confirmed that tobacco addiction is associated with tooth loss. Being a current smoker remained non-significant as a risk factor for tooth loss when compared to former smoker status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15082903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T13:58:22Z","timestamp":1775829502000},"page":"2903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Smoking Cigarettes and Tooth Loss in Adults: A Population-Based Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4387-5563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Bagi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry Propaedeutics, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Szpitalna 30, 15-295 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Zienkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry Prosthodontics, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Sk\u0142odowskiej 24 a, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5502-8463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"\u0141aguna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15b, 15-269 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Kami\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Dentistry, University of Bialystok, ul. Sk\u0142odowskiej 24 a, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8529-2556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zofia","family":"Stachurska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15b, 15-269 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5977-0745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlena","family":"Dubat\u00f3wka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15b, 15-269 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9003-0731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Sie\u0144kowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15b, 15-269 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"So\u0142omacha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15b, 15-269 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9465-2581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Kami\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15b, 15-269 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.090680","article-title":"Number of teeth as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in a cohort of 7,674 subjects followed for 12 years","volume":"81","author":"Holmlund","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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