{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T04:59:00Z","timestamp":1776229140642,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Medication errors remain a patient safety concern in neonatal intensive care units (NICU), mainly due to multiple dilution steps, a lack of standardized preparation instructions, and the frequent use of high-alert medications. While standard concentrations (SCs) for intravenous (iv) medication are recommended internationally, a national standard is missing for NICUs in Germany. The aim of this study was to evaluate a proposal for a national list of standardized iv medication concentrations to be used in German NICUs. Methods: In collaboration with the German Society for Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care (GNPI) and the Federal Association of German Hospital Pharmacists (ADKA), a multiprofessional expert team, including experts from the medication safety initiatives TELE-KASPER and Kinderformularium.DE and affiliated with seven German university hospitals, evaluated SCs for infusion medication administered to infants weighing 500 g to 5 kg. The evaluation process was based on international SCs lists, clinical practice, stability data, and handling aspects. Medication used in at least four of the seven hospitals was shortlisted. In the first round of the consensus process, an online survey submitted to the German Level-1 NICUs (n = 165) and their affiliated hospital pharmacies identified preferred SCs. In the second round of the consensus process, the expert team further evaluated the results of the survey. Results: The survey response rate was 52%. The consensus process resulted in a list encompassing 50 iv medications and 80 appropriate SCs. Ancillary information on preparation, stability, osmolarity, pH, and practical administration was added. Conclusions: The proposed SCs for infusion medication used in NICUs have the potential to reduce medication errors, simplify electronic prescribing, and improve workflow efficiency. Implementation aligns with international patient safety initiatives to improve medication safety in pediatric patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15082921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T08:49:02Z","timestamp":1776070142000},"page":"2921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Standard Intravenous Concentrations in German Neonatal Intensive Care: Results of a National Consensus and Cross-Sectional Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2223-8921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Wende","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Pharmacy, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Almuth","family":"Kaune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus (A\u00f6R), TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Schoberer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Orlikowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9887-5160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"Wackernagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Medical Center at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Haering-Zahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7702-3506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Sch\u00f6ne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Pharmacy, University Hospital Halle (Saale), 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Pharmacy, University Children\u2019s Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianka","family":"R\u00f6sner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Pharmacy, Medical Center at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1958-2819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rangmar","family":"Goelz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, University Children\u2019s Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Kr\u00e4mer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7561-3050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen B.","family":"Kreutzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, University Children\u2019s Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6124-9369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albrecht","family":"Eisert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Pharmacy, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutherland, A., Phipps, D.L., Tomlin, S., and Ashcroft, D.M. 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