{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T15:05:48Z","timestamp":1776092748095,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders are an increasingly common problem affecting patients. This systematic review aimed to analyze the available literature regarding the effectiveness of intra-articular ozone gas injections and their effects on pain reduction and jaw mobility. Methods: The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, PubMed, and references were searched (October 2025). Randomized controlled trials evaluating intra-TMJ gas injection compared to other intra-articular administration were included in the review. Analyses were performed both within and between groups. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB-2 tool, and the certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Results: Five studies out of 180, including a total of 230 patients, were included in the review. The studies reported using ozone at concentrations of 10\u201330 \u03bcg\/mL. All included studies reported reductions in pain and improvements in mandibular mobility after treatment. In some comparisons, ozone-based interventions showed more favorable outcomes than control interventions; however, the findings were not consistent across outcomes, and the certainty of evidence was limited. Conclusions: Current evidence is insufficient to determine the effectiveness of intra-articular ozone injections for TMJ disorders. Some studies suggest possible short-term benefits in pain reduction and jaw mobility; however, the evidence is limited by high risk of bias, heterogeneity in treatment protocols, and very low certainty, particularly for longer-term outcomes. More rigorous and standardized randomized trials are required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15082955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:10:48Z","timestamp":1776089448000},"page":"2955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intra-Articular Ozone Injections for Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Macek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Preventive Medicine Center, Komorowskiego 12, 30-106 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6199-4753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Wo\u0142oska 137 Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, Wojska Polskiego 51, 25-375 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4345-5657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelia","family":"Hoppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Preventive Medicine Center, Komorowskiego 12, 30-106 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamila","family":"Ch\u0119ci\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Wo\u0142oska 137 Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"Kwiatkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Preventive Medicine Center, Komorowskiego 12, 30-106 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7698-9254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Sikora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Al. Rac\u0142awickie 1, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6758-5450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Lubecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Preventive Medicine Center, Komorowskiego 12, 30-106 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4985-7113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Bli\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Rydygier Hospital, Osiedle Z\u0142otej Jesieni 1, 31-826 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6523-328X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kacper","family":"Galant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Al. Ko\u015bciuszki 4, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalina","family":"Roma\u0144czyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Preventive Medicine Center, Komorowskiego 12, 30-106 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3348-1950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Sikora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Wo\u0142oska 137 Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, Wojska Polskiego 51, 25-375 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 72 Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich Street, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zieli\u0144ski, G., Paj\u0105k-Zieli\u0144ska, B., and Ginszt, M. 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