{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T10:19:52Z","timestamp":1776248392413,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DONTE GROUP"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease influenced by clinical, behavioral, and microbial determinants. However, the contribution of these factors to disease remains a topic of debate, particularly in untreated adult populations. This study aims to characterize the clinical, epidemiological, and microbial features associated with periodontitis in an adult cohort and to compare the discriminatory performance of microbiome-based predictive models with conventional clinical\u2013behavioral models. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 943 adults. Periodontal status was determined by experienced clinicians according to the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases and Conditions. Clinical variables, behavioral factors (smoking, bruxism, diet), intraoral conditions (caries and malocclusion), and systemic comorbidities were recorded. The oral microbiome was analyzed using targeted PCR for selected periodontal bacteria. Predictive models were constructed using logistic regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) variable selection. Results: Periodontitis was diagnosed in 47.2% of participants. Age, smoking, and bruxism were significantly associated with periodontitis. Malocclusion was the only significant intraoral predictor (OR = 2.00). Individuals with periodontitis exhibited increased levels of periodontopathogens, including P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and E. corrodens, along with reduced levels of S. mutans. Microbiome-based models demonstrated superior discriminatory performance (AUC = 0.76, LASSO). E. corrodens and C. sputigena were independently associated with greater probing depth (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Microbiome-based predictive models, particularly at the species level, showed better discriminatory performance than conventional clinical\u2013behavioral models. These findings support the potential utility of salivary microbial signatures as adjunctive, non-invasive biomarkers of periodontal inflammatory status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15082994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T09:15:59Z","timestamp":1776244559000},"page":"2994","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Profile, Risk Factors, and Microbial Dysbiosis in Periodontitis: Findings from an Adult Cohort and Microbiome-Based Predictive Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Jimenez de Nunzio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spiral DNA Tech Corp, Calle Faraday 7, Fundacion Parque Cientifico de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Odontolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9145-7564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesus","family":"Pilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina\u2014Ibima Plataforma Bionand, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9785-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Bruna del Cojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Odontolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caridad Margarita","family":"Arias-Macias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Odontolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Manso de Gustin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Odontolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filipa","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donte Group, Paseo del Club Deportivo 1., Edificio 3., 28223 Pozuelo de Alarc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Lago Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donte Group, Paseo del Club Deportivo 1., Edificio 3., 28223 Pozuelo de Alarc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Esteban Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donte Group, Paseo del Club Deportivo 1., Edificio 3., 28223 Pozuelo de Alarc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Tercero-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spiral DNA Tech Corp, Calle Faraday 7, Fundacion Parque Cientifico de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0659-1545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Portal-Nu\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Adell Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Odontolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6475-4704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Macias Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina\u2014Ibima Plataforma Bionand, 29010 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Endocrinolog\u00eda y Nutrici\u00f3n, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"FSO856","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2023-0062","article-title":"The Increasing Importance of the Oral Microbiome in Periodontal Health and Disease","volume":"9","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Sci. 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