{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T11:46:16Z","timestamp":1776253576639,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The plantaris muscle (PM) shows substantial variability in its proximal belly attachments. Although often deemed vestigial, specific variants may narrow or reshape the popliteal corridor and contribute to vascular (popliteal artery entrapment syndromes, PAES) and neural conflict (TN, CPN, sural nerves). Despite abundant anatomical descriptions of the plantaris, its contribution to neurovascular compression has not been organised into a classification-linked, imaging-integrated framework. Objective: To synthesise adult and foetal anatomical data with clinical\u2013radiological evidence into a classification-linked framework that stratifies vascular and neural compression risk by proximal PM variants, and to propose an integrated risk matrix and variant-directed diagnostic\/operative pathway. Methods: Narrative, classification-centred review centred on the Olewnik schema (Types I\u2013VI) and multi-headed\/accessory variants. We mapped variant geometry to (1) physiological compromise on provoked Doppler US and (2) anatomical correlates on MRI\/MR angiography (MRA) (axial \u201cband sign\u201d), deriving graded risk for vascular and neural axes and an integrated, action-oriented grade per limb. Results: Baseline risk is low for canonical\/compact footprints (Type I\u2013IA, Type V), moderate for capsular-junction patterns (Types II\/III), and potentially higher-risk for lateral linkage (Type IV; iliotibial band (ITB)\/Kaplan fibres continuity) and multi-headed configurations (duplication, bifurcation, \u22653\u20134 heads; accessory proximal slips). The integrated matrix upgrades risk for a clear band sign, reproducible compromise on provoked Doppler US, or multi-headed\/Type IV anatomy and downgrades when rigorous provocation is negative and muscle volume is small. We provide a variant-indexed imaging checklist, common pitfalls (e.g., Type IV misread as ITB thickening; multi-headed variants misread as cyst\/tumour), and operative checkpoints to target capsular clefts, lateral bands, tunnels, and accessory slips. Conclusions: A classification-linked, imaging-integrated approach clarifies which proximal PM variants are plausibly associated with neurovascular entrapment (based on case-level evidence) and aligns work-up with targeted decompression and may improve diagnostic precision and inform surgical planning. Clinical relevance: The framework operationalises variant naming in reports, standardises dynamic provocation and axial mapping, and prioritises variants considered higher risk (Type IV; multi-headed) for early multidisciplinary review. Given that most clinical signals derive from case reports\/series (Level IV), these recommendations are inferential and should be applied with clinical judgement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15083006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T10:30:23Z","timestamp":1776249023000},"page":"3006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vascular and Neural Compression Syndromes Associated with Plantaris Muscle Variants: A Classification-Based Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Olewnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mazovian Academy in P\u0142ock, 09-402 P\u0142ock, Poland"},{"name":"VARIANTIS Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mazovian Academy in P\u0142ock, 09-402 P\u0142ock, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2374-5392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid C.","family":"Landfald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mazovian Academy in P\u0142ock, 09-402 P\u0142ock, Poland"},{"name":"VARIANTIS Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mazovian Academy in P\u0142ock, 09-402 P\u0142ock, Poland"},{"name":"VARIA Research Laboratory, Mazovian Academy in Plock, 09-402 P\u0142ock, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"\u0141apot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mazovian Academy in P\u0142ock, 09-402 P\u0142ock, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9823-2306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert F.","family":"LaPrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VARIANTIS Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mazovian Academy in P\u0142ock, 09-402 P\u0142ock, Poland"},{"name":"Twin Cities Orthopaeedics, Edina&Eagan, Eagan, MN 55121, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-020-02463-1","article-title":"Possible effect of morphological variations of plantaris muscle tendon on harvesting at reconstruction surgery-case report","volume":"42","author":"Gonera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. 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