{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T16:30:12Z","timestamp":1776357012627,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministers of Health and Economy","award":["21A04075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21A04075"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To report the performance of a screening program for undiagnosed HCV infections in the general population of one Italian region. Methods: The Marche region, central Italy, provided organized free HCV screening for the resident population born between 1969 and 1989, from July 2023 to December 2025. People with known liver disease or HCV treatment were excluded, and those eligible were invited by letter to access the blood draw. After a positive anti-HCV test, a reflex HCV-RNA test was performed on the same sample. The investigated outcomes were extension, uptake, HCV-RNA detection rate, and positive predictive value (PPV) of the anti-HCV test. Potential predictors of an infection diagnosis were investigated through multivariable analyses. Results: Over 30 months, 412,897 individuals were invited (93.6% extension), and 48,596 participated (11.8% uptake). Positive tests were 308 for anti-HCV (0.63%) and 42 for HCV-RNA (0.09% detection rate), with a relatively low PPV of the anti-HCV test (13.6%), which increased in males (15.2%) and individuals born in specific foreign countries (&gt;20%). Multivariate analyses confirmed a higher risk of a positive HCV-RNA test for males (adjusted odds ratio\u2014OR: 2.21; 95%CI 1.45\u20133.38) and those born in Moldova, Ukraine, and Pakistan (adjusted ORs between 10 and 15; p \u2264 0.001). Conclusions: The low detection rate was consistent with other Italian studies, suggesting that a combination of opportunistic recruitment and tailored pathways is required for high-risk groups in order to achieve the WHO HCV elimination targets. Future analyses should assess linkage-to-care and therapy compliance to evaluate the long-term cost\u2013benefit ratio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15083057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T15:14:12Z","timestamp":1776352452000},"page":"3057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Screening Program for Asymptomatic Hepatitis C: Uptake and Detection in the Marche Region of Italy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4308-2144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Acuti Martellucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Rosati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University of the Marche Region, 60020 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6868-2130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mos\u00e8","family":"Martellucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention, Local Health Unit of Ancona, 60035 Jesi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Bizzarri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University of the Marche Region, 60020 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Morettini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention, Local Health Unit of Ancona, 60035 Jesi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Marinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention, Local Health Unit of Macerata, 62100 Macerata, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianmarco","family":"Imperiali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romina","family":"Fani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention, Local Health Unit of Ascoli Piceno, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Brecciaroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention, Local Health Unit of Ancona, 60035 Jesi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Scaramuzza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention, Local Health Unit of Fermo, 63900 Fermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Orciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention, Local Health Unit of Pesaro Urbino, 61122 Pesaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Filippetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare Directorate, Regional Healthcare Agency of the Marche, 60125 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8129-9344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lamberto","family":"Manzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15981","article-title":"Prevalence of HCV infection in Europe in the DAA era: Review","volume":"44","author":"Anolli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Polaris Observatory HCV Collaborators (2022). Global change in hepatitis C virus prevalence and cascade of care between 2015 and 2020: A modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 7, 396\u2013415."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-018-1828-8","article-title":"Direct-acting antiviral drugs for chronic hepatitis C and risk of major vascular events: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Gervaso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000577","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2018-000577","article-title":"Improving hepatitis C screening and diagnosis in patients born between 1945 and 1965 in a safety-net primary care clinic","volume":"8","author":"Bakhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Qual."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/14737167.2024.2348053","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of hepatitis C direct acting agents","volume":"24","author":"Shetty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-021-00677-x","article-title":"Economic Consequences of Anti-HCV Treatment of Patients Diagnosed Through Screening in Italy: A Prospective Modelling Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Marcellusi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"45","article-title":"Economic evaluation of screening programs for hepatitis C virus infection: Evidence from literature","volume":"8","author":"Coretti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, S.A., Umashankar, K., Maheswaran, A., Martin, M.T., Lee, J., Odishoo, M., Lin, J.Y., and Touchette, D.R. (2024). Cost-effectiveness analysis of emergency department-based hepatitis C screening and linkage-to-care program. BMC Health Serv. Res., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-024-11793-4"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12669","article-title":"A systematic model improves hepatitis C virus birth cohort screening in hospital-based primary care","volume":"24","author":"Goel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15216","article-title":"Implementation of HCV screening in the 1969\u20131989 birth-cohort undergoing COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"42","author":"Rizzardini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imperiali, G., Fiore, M., Bianconi, A., Mattei, G., Matteo, G., Diegoli, G., De Gioia, E.R., Martellucci, C.A., Flacco, M.E., and Manzoli, L. (2025). Prevalence of Hepatitis C in the Emilia-Romagna Region of Italy: Population-Wide Screening. Viruses, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17060843"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Marche Region (2025, March 28). Screening for HCV in the Marche Region. Available online: https:\/\/www.regione.marche.it\/News-ed-Eventi\/Post\/96437\/Epatite-C-da-luglio-al-via-lo-screening-gratuito-per-le-persone-nate-tra-il-1969-e-il-1989."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Marche Region (2025, April 16). Prisons and Residences for Safety Measures: Marche Region Year 2020 Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.garantediritti.marche.it\/storage\/2021\/02\/cerceri_report_2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Local Health Units of the Marche Region (2025, May 16). Drug Addiction: Guide to the Local Health Units Services. Available online: https:\/\/serviziweb.asur.marche.it\/GASASUR\/gas.php?mod=ORG&padre=518."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15727","article-title":"A territory-wide opportunistic, hospital-based HCV screening in the general population from northern Italy: The 1969\u20131989 birth-cohort","volume":"43","author":"Piccinelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7154.307","article-title":"Number needed to screen: Development of a statistic for disease screening","volume":"317","author":"Rembold","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2018.9.39512","article-title":"Implementation of a Collaborative HIV and Hepatitis C Screening Program in Appalachian Urgent Care Settings","volume":"19","author":"Burrell","year":"2018","journal-title":"West J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2021.02.007","article-title":"Universal HCV Screening of Baby Boomers is Feasible, but It is Difficult","volume":"11","author":"Thuluvath","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petkevi\u010dien\u0117, J., Voeller, A., \u010ciupkevi\u010dien\u0117, E., Razavi-Shearer, D., Liakina, V., Jan\u010dorien\u0117, L., Kaz\u0117nait\u0117, E., Zaksas, V., Urbonas, G., and Kup\u010dinskas, L. (2024). Hepatitis C screening in Lithuania: First-year results and scenarios for achieving WHO elimination targets. BMC Public Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18470-5"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00471-4","article-title":"Interventions to enhance testing, linkage to care, and treatment initiation for hepatitis C virus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Cunningham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340672","DOI":"10.1080\/13814788.2024.2340672","article-title":"Effectiveness of tailored talks between a cancer screening specialist and general practitioners to improve the uptake of colorectal cancer screening in Ancona (Italy) during the pandemic period","volume":"30","author":"Giacomini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-022-01111-6","article-title":"Prevalence of Viral Hepatitis in Unselected, Consecutively Enrolled Patients Hospitalised for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"47","author":"Dettori","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosato, V., Kondili, L.A., Nevola, R., Perillo, P., Mastrocinque, D., Aghemo, A., and Claar, E. (2022). Elimination of Hepatitis C in Southern Italy: A Model of HCV Screening and Linkage to Care among Hospitalized Patients at Different Hospital Divisions. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14051096"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15273","article-title":"Hepatitis C screening during SARS-CoV-2 testing or vaccination. Experience in an area of southern Italy in the province of Salerno","volume":"42","author":"Torre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15316","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus screening in the 1969-1989 birth cohort: Is not enough!","volume":"42","author":"Cerini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rzymski, P., Brzd\u0119k, M., Dobrowolska, K., Poniedzia\u0142ek, B., Murawska-Ochab, A., Zar\u0119bska-Michaluk, D., and Flisiak, R. (2024). Like a Rolling Stone? A Review on Spontaneous Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091386"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00004","article-title":"The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002","volume":"144","author":"Armstrong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18880","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.13.21.18880-en","article-title":"Surveillance and epidemiology of hepatitis B and C in Europe\u2014A review","volume":"13","author":"Rantala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2005.00576.x","article-title":"Residual risk of transfusion-transmitted human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus infections in Italy","volume":"45","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01925.x","article-title":"Discovery of the hepatitis C virus","volume":"29","author":"Houghton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840070415","article-title":"A multicenter, prospective study of posttransfusion hepatitis in Milan","volume":"7","author":"Colombo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.02.015","article-title":"Declining prevalence and increasing awareness of HCV infection in Italy: A population-based survey in five metropolitan areas","volume":"53","author":"Andriulli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8087","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92654-w","article-title":"Italian screening protocol and genotypes characterization for HCV elimination (2022\u20132023) in Ferrara\u2019s province: A real-world study","volume":"15","author":"Landini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510260431","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in the general population: A community-based survey in southern Italy","volume":"26","author":"Guadagnino","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10362","article-title":"Assessment of iatrogenic transmission of HCV in Southern Italy: Was the cause the Salk polio vaccination?","volume":"70","author":"Montella","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10081","article-title":"Endemic hepatitis C virus infection in a Sicilian town: Further evidence for iatrogenic transmission","volume":"67","author":"Stroffolini","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.1990.tb02109.x","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies in Italian blood donors. The Italian Cooperative Group","volume":"59","author":"Sirchia","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1177\/002204269402400403","article-title":"An Epidemiological Overview of the Situation of Illicit Drug Abuse in Italy","volume":"24","author":"Mariani","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Drug Issues"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.11.002","article-title":"Trends of heroin use and heroin injection epidemics in Europe: Findings from the EMCDDA treatment demand indicator (TDI)","volume":"45","author":"Barrio","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.01.008","article-title":"Nucleic acid testing (NAT) for HCV RNA in Italian transfusion centres: An external quality assessment","volume":"41","author":"Candido","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"EpaC Association (2026, February 17). [ZeroHepatitisC\u2014Activities in the Regions: Sicily]. Available online: https:\/\/www.zeroepatitec.it\/sicilia\/."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"422","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and residual risk of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus after the implementation of nucleic acid testing in Italy: A 7-year (2009\u20132015) survey","volume":"16","author":"Velati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"409","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and residual risk of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B virus infection in Italy from 2009 to 2018","volume":"17","author":"Velati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stroffolini, T., and Stroffolini, G. (2024). Prevalence and Modes of Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Historical Worldwide Review. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071115"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180257","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.180257","article-title":"The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Pakistan: Systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"5","author":"Mahmud","year":"2018","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.07.033","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Europe","volume":"48","author":"Esteban","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyuregyan, K.K., Malinnikova, E.Y., Soboleva, N.V., Isaeva, O.V., Karlsen, A.A., Kichatova, V.S., Potemkin, I.A., Schibrik, E.V., Gadjieva, O.A., and Bashiryan, B.A. (2019). Community screening for hepatitis C virus infection in a low-prevalence population. BMC Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7388-7"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isakov, V., and Nikityuk, D. (2022). Elimination of HCV in Russia: Barriers and Perspective. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040790"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Angelo, F., Ferrigno, L., Mele, A., Alfonsi, V., Declich, S., De Ponte, G., Crateri, S., Burgio, A., Caminada, S., and Tosti, M.E. (2021). Differences in Incidence of Acute Viral Hepatitis between Foreigners and Autochthonous Population in Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18157944"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiore, V., Manca, V., Colpani, A., De Vito, A., Maida, I., Madeddu, G., and Babudieri, S. (2023). Facing HCV as a Major Public Healthcare Threat in Italy: Epidemiology and Micro-Elimination Pathways among Underserved Populations. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11142109"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2021.08.024","article-title":"Effectiveness of a screening program for HBV, HCV, and HIV infections in African migrants to Sicily","volume":"54","author":"Prestileo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"A93","article-title":"SC22 HBV and HCV testing in Italy\u2019s marginalized groups: Advancing who\u2019s 2030 elimination goal","volume":"101","author":"Caruso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2021.101852","article-title":"Italian migrants study: An HCV and HBV micro-elimination pilot project","volume":"46","author":"Colucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Italian National Statistics Institute (2026, February 17). Resident Foreigners. Available online: https:\/\/demo.istat.it\/app\/?i=STR&a=2025&l=en."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1177\/01979183231170808","article-title":"Spatial Segregation in Action? An Empirical Assessment of Population Concentration of Foreigners and Nationals in Italy, 2002\u20132018","volume":"59","author":"Benassi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Migr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601206010060","article-title":"Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and hepatitis C in a survey of female sex workers in the north-East of Italy","volume":"6","author":"Zermiani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open AIDS J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donisi, A., Colpani, A., Zauli, B., De Vito, A., Fiore, V., Babudieri, S., and Madeddu, G. (2023). Sexually Transmitted Infections Prevalence and Cascade of Care among Undocumented Sex Workers: A Twenty-Year-Long Experience. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030606"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10210","article-title":"Changing molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Northeast Italy","volume":"68","author":"Ansaldi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02539.x","article-title":"A systematic review of hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Europe, Canada and Israel","volume":"31","author":"Cornberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Degani, P. (2022). Domestic\/Care Work and Severe Exploitation. The Limits of Italian Migrant Regularization Schemes. Front. Hum. Dyn., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fhumd.2022.818351"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadk4606","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk4606","article-title":"Generalized contact matrices allow integrating socioeconomic variables into epidemic models","volume":"10","author":"Manna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2025.01.056","article-title":"Prevalence of HBV and HCV infections among at-risk migrant and refugee populations in Italy: 2-year results of the VH-COMSAVAC European project","volume":"57","author":"Colucci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"S69","article-title":"HCV screening and linkage to care in the 1969\u20131989 birth-cohort population: The Bergamo experience","volume":"58","author":"Loglio","year":"2026","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/8\/3057\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T15:23:06Z","timestamp":1776352986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/8\/3057"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15083057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15083057","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]}}}