{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T05:01:55Z","timestamp":1777006915578,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness and vision impairment in individuals over 60 years of age in the United States (US). Despite this, current treatment options have limitations related to drug efficacy and durability. Gene therapy provides a potential solution by providing a more durable and longer- acting treatment option that can decrease treatment burden and improve long-term visual outcomes. This review presents the current treatment approaches, routes of administration, and vectors being investigated for gene therapy delivery in AMD. It also provides an update on the ongoing gene therapy clinical trials for dry and wet AMD. As these therapies advance into later-stage clinical trials, ophthalmologists need to be mindful of the many challenges pertaining to gene therapy delivery, including safety, limitations related to immunogenicity, long-term ocular and systemic side effects, and potential barriers to drug manufacturing and access. Continued efforts are required to improve precision, safety, and efficacy, including identifying the safest and most effective vectors and delivery routes, and minimizing potential adverse effects. In addition, guidelines need to be established to guide appropriate patient selection before gene therapy can be integrated into clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15083097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T08:24:23Z","timestamp":1776673463000},"page":"3097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in Gene Therapy for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0241-4605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noor-Us-Sabah","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tahreem A.","family":"Mir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.4401","article-title":"Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the US in 2019","volume":"140","author":"Rein","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03050-z","article-title":"Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by age-related macular degeneration: A meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020","volume":"38","author":"Furtado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2021.08.011","article-title":"Global Burden of Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Targeted Literature Review","volume":"43","author":"Schultz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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