{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T11:04:13Z","timestamp":1776683053665,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Tuberculous aneurysm of the thoracic aorta (TBAA) is an extremely rare but potentially fatal manifestation of tuberculosis (TB). Clinical presentation may include hemoptysis in the absence of parenchymal lung abnormalities. Case report: We presented a 62-year-old male with cough, chest pain, and minimal hemoptysis. Diagnostic evaluation confirmed an aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta at a site previously treated with endovascular repair, with no imaging findings suggestive of pulmonary TB. Bronchoscopy revealed blood in the main bronchi without an identifiable endobronchial source. The diagnosis of TB was established by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of bronchial aspirate obtained during bronchoscopy. Emergency surgical intervention was recommended because of an impending aortic rupture, but the patient declined surgery. Standard antituberculous therapy was initiated, and the patient subsequently developed drug-induced liver injury, prompting temporary cessation of treatment. The clinical course was later complicated by the development of an aortoesophageal fistula (AEF), with significant implications for prognosis. Conclusions: Early recognition of TBAA, along with a multidisciplinary approach that integrates advanced diagnostic modalities, timely vascular intervention, and carefully managed antituberculous therapy, is essential to reduce mortality and optimize treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15083104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T08:24:23Z","timestamp":1776673463000},"page":"3104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tuberculous Aneurysm of the Thoracic Aorta: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge in the Modern Era"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1812-4215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanja","family":"\u0160arac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Pulmonology, Military Medical Academy, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1808-3479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Momir","family":"\u0160arac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Military Medical Academy, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6770-6820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rade","family":"Mili\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Pulmonology, Military Medical Academy, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5539-8413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biljana","family":"Lazovi\u0107-Popovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, University Clinical Hospital Center \u201cZemun\u201d, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6993-6267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Vukovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Pulmonology, Military Medical Academy, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of thoracic aortic aneurysms: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies","volume":"34","author":"Lopes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. 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