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Despite conceptual advances, empirical research on interventions specifically designed to alleviate psychological pain in individuals who have attempted suicide remains scarce. The present scoping review maps existing psychological and pharmacological interventions targeting psychological pain, identifies their core components, delineates gaps for future research, and proposes a therapeutic intervention protocol. Methods: Literature was searched through PubMed, PsycInfo, and ClinicalTrials.gov (until October 2025) using combinations of the terms suicide, psychache, psychological pain, intervention, treatment, therapy, pharmacological treatment, and psychotherapy. Both randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials, and literature reviews were included. Results: Evidence indicates that few interventions explicitly target psychological pain. Most suicide-specific therapies indirectly address components of psychological pain\u2014such as unbearable affect, loss of meaning, and social disconnection. Narrative-based, emotion regulation, and acceptance-based therapies appear promising. Emerging pharmacological approaches may relieve psychological pain; however, further evidence is required. Conclusions: Integrating psychological pain as a therapeutic focus\u2014through narrative, tolerance-building, and relational strategies\u2014may enhance post-attempt interventions. Future trials should systematically measure psychological pain and test its role as a mediator of suicidal outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15083124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T12:01:22Z","timestamp":1776686482000},"page":"3124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Targeting Psychological Pain After a Suicide Attempt: Scoping Review and Intervention Protocol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5221-4794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Comendador","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Parc Taul\u00ed University Hospital, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 i Innovaci\u00f3 Parc Taul\u00ed (I3PT-CERCA), Unitat de Neuroci\u00e8ncia Translacional Parc Taul\u00ed-I3PT-INc-UAB, Pla\u00e7a Torre de l\u2019Aigua, s\/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3323-6568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego J.","family":"Palao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Parc Taul\u00ed University Hospital, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 i Innovaci\u00f3 Parc Taul\u00ed (I3PT-CERCA), Unitat de Neuroci\u00e8ncia Translacional Parc Taul\u00ed-I3PT-INc-UAB, Pla\u00e7a Torre de l\u2019Aigua, s\/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7952-4477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic, Developmental, and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6703-8017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Andreo-Jover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6963-6555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Baca-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de la Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz (IIS-FJD), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario General de Villalba, 28400 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena, 28342 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Barrig\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, IiSGM School of Medicine, Complutense University, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5279-504X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Bobes-Bascar\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), 33001 Oviedo, 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Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9551-8587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Trevi\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), 33001 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngela","family":"Palao-Tarrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Mental Health, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1641-5541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Pedrola-Pons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Roberto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques 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Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7599-0078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Suarez-Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, International University of Valencia (VIU), 46002 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0595-6127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"de la Torre-Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The SURVIVE Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Alacreu-Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda y Sociolog\u00eda, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Teruel, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2632-8130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Cebri\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Parc Taul\u00ed University Hospital, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 i Innovaci\u00f3 Parc Taul\u00ed (I3PT-CERCA), Unitat de Neuroci\u00e8ncia Translacional Parc Taul\u00ed-I3PT-INc-UAB, Pla\u00e7a Torre de l\u2019Aigua, s\/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Perez-Sola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Program, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Mental Health Institute, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08002 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1159\/000504024","article-title":"Mental Pain as a Transdiagnostic Patient-Reported Outcome Measure","volume":"88","author":"Fava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1159\/000501622","article-title":"Mental Pain and Euthymia as Transdiagnostic Clinimetric Indices in Primary Care","volume":"88","author":"Guidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baryshnikov, I., and Isomets\u00e4, E. (2022). Psychological pain and suicidal behavior: A review. Front. Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.981353"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2018.09.005","article-title":"Social pain at the core of suicidal behavior","volume":"45","author":"Courtet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozlowitz, S., Ribeiro, A., Sibeoni, J., Brossard, B., and Chevance, A. (2025). What Is Mental Pain? 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