{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T13:53:26Z","timestamp":1776866006210,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Short-term morbidities and mortality decreased significantly in the past decade at preterm born &lt; 25 weeks of gestation. Severe lifelong morbidities affect an important part of these patients. Objective: to investigate the in-hospital morbidity, mortality, and short-term complications of preterm neonates born \u226425 weeks of gestation. Methods: A prospective longitudinal cohort study was conducted in children born 2021\u20132024, \u226425 weeks of gestation, admitted to a 3rd-level unit, and care till discharge. Pregnancy complications\u2019 effect on neonatal evolution was analyzed, six main in-hospital morbidities specific for preterm birth and other aggravating circumstances, with a possible effect on the evolution were analyzed, as follows: inflammatory syndrome, early pulmonary or digestive hemorrhages, and early inotropic support. The neurological development in the first year of life was analyzed through theparticipation of premature infants in the follow-up program after discharge. Results: Forty-nine premature infants were enrolled, with a mean gestational age of 24.37 \u00b1 0.76 weeks and an average weight of 665 \u00b1 143 g. Most newborns required intubation at birth (42\/49), and 33\/49 received 2-dose surfactant therapy postnatally. NEC was present in 26.5% of the group, being more common in patients with inflammatory syndrome\u2014increase in procalcitonin (PCT), and those who received a higher number of blood transfusions. The BPD and ROP, as well as the severity of the latter, correlated with the oxygen requirement on the 28th day of life. BPD was more common in infants associated with PDA requiring combination treatment. ROP increased with the number of transfusions required by patients. At the follow-up at the first timepoint evaluation, were 51% of the study group, and 30.6% of them had normal neurological development. At 12 months of age, however, the neurological examination was normal in only three patients (23.08%) but only 36.5% of the study group attended the follow-up. Neurodevelopmental disorders were present in 10 of the patients, one with spastic diplegia. Conclusions: In the hospital, the morbidity and survival rate of the group was like other studies. The small number of follow-up participants does not allow the generalization of the data, but as far as neurological development is concerned, it is like that of other studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15093198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T12:54:08Z","timestamp":1776862448000},"page":"3198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Morbidity, Mortality, and Short-Term Outcomes of Preterm Infants \u2264 25 Weeks of Gestation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0677-5846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melinda","family":"Matyas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Department, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7036-6030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florica Ramona","family":"Dorobantu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Discipline, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madalina","family":"Valeanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Informatics and Biostatistics Department, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9143-5664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica G.","family":"Hasmasanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Department, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicoleta","family":"Grosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Department, County Emergency Hospital, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adelina","family":"Tutu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Department, County Emergency Hospital, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna D.","family":"Jakab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Zaharie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Department, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000211","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2017-000211","article-title":"Changes in survival and neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants born at <25 weeks\u2019 gestation: A retrospective observational study in tertiary centres in Japan","volume":"2","author":"Kono","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr. Open"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.23580","article-title":"Mortality, In-Hospital Morbidity, Care Practices, and 2-Year Outcomes for Extremely Preterm Infants in the US, 2013\u20132018","volume":"327","author":"Bell","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EXPRESS Group, Fellman, V., Hellstr\u00f6m-Westas, L., Norman, M., Westgren, M., K\u00e4ll\u00e9n, K., Lagercrantz, H., Mars\u00e1l, K., Serenius, F., and Wennergren, M. (2009). One-year survival of extremely preterm infants after active perinatal care in Sweden. JAMA, 301, 2225\u20132233.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.771"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-318402","article-title":"Perinatal management of extreme preterm birth before 27 weeks of gestation: A framework for practice","volume":"105","author":"Mactier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10244","article-title":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network.Trends in care practices, morbidity, and mortality of extremely preterm neonates, 1993\u20132012","volume":"314","author":"Stoll","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.15040","article-title":"Prevalence of Survival Without Major Comorbidities Among Adults Born Prematurely","volume":"322","author":"Crump","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n741","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n741","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 5 among children born preterm: EPIPAGE-2 cohort study","volume":"373","author":"Pierrat","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20182956","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2956","article-title":"Home Oxygen and 2-Year Outcomes of Preterm Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"143","author":"DeMauro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F181","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-305555","article-title":"Perinatal outcomes for extremely preterm babies in relation to place of birth in England: The EPICure 2 study","volume":"99","author":"Marlow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matyas, M., Iancu, M., Hasmasanu, M., Man, A., and Zaharie, G. (2022). Association Analysis of the Cerebral Fractional Tissue Oxygen Extraction (cFTOE) and the Cerebral Oxygen Saturation (crSaO2) with Perinatal Factors in Preterm Neonates: A Single Centre Study. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11123546"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F153","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-310313","article-title":"Outcomes of infants born at 22\u201327 weeks\u2019 gestation in Victoria according to outborn\/inborn birth status","volume":"102","author":"Boland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2017.03.108","article-title":"No. 347-Obstetric Management at Borderline Viability","volume":"39","author":"Ladhani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.12.020","article-title":"Severe Neurodevelopmental Impairment in Neonates Born Preterm: Impact of Varying Definitions in a Canadian Cohort","volume":"197","author":"Haslam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.1660","article-title":"Effect of Sustained Inflations vs. Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation on Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia or Death Among Extremely Preterm Infants: The SAIL Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"321","author":"Kirpalani","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80282-0","article-title":"Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: A study of infants with birth weights less than 1500 gm","volume":"92","author":"Papile","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197801000-00001","article-title":"Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Therapeutic decisions based upon clinical staging","volume":"187","author":"Bell","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1403489","article-title":"Causes and timing of death in extremely premature infants from 2000 through 2011","volume":"372","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jansen, L., Peeters-Scholte, C.M.P.C.D., van den Berg-Huysmans, A.A., van Klink, J.M.M., Rijken, M., van Egmond-van Dam, J.C., Vermeiren, R.R.J.M., and Steggerda, S.J. (2021). Longitudinal Follow-Up of Children Born Preterm: Neurodevelopment from 2 to 10 Years of Age. Front. Pediatr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.674221"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201812-2348OC","article-title":"The Diagnosis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Very Preterm Infants. An Evidence-based Approach","volume":"200","author":"Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2021.151477","article-title":"How can obstetricians improve outcomes for infants born extremely preterm?","volume":"45","author":"Kane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.2021","article-title":"Association Between Year of Birth and 1-Year Survival Among Extremely Preterm Infants in Sweden During 2004\u20132007 and 2014\u20132016","volume":"321","author":"Norman","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanak, M., and Hawlik, K. (2019). Decision-making at the limit of viability: The Austrian neonatal choice context. BMC Pediatr., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1569-5"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06146-0","article-title":"The predictive value of maternal and neonatal inflammatory biomarkers for necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"184","author":"Matyas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002037","article-title":"Short- and Long-Term Outcomes of Extremely Preterm Infants in Japan According to Outborn\/Inborn Birth Status","volume":"20","author":"Sasaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.51847\/pq4Px0rkxG","article-title":"Pattern of Newborn Antibiotic Use in a Tertiary Level Maternity for Five Years","volume":"13","author":"Zaha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacophore"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.51847\/r2fEu5aJXs","article-title":"Aetiology of Bacterial Infections and Antibiotic Resistance in Pediatric Patients from a Romanian Hospital","volume":"13","author":"Jurca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacophore"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7961","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e7961","article-title":"Neurological and developmental outcome in extremely preterm children born in England in 1995 and 2006: The EPICure studies","volume":"345","author":"Moore","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, I.Y., Lee, H.M., Kim, S.Y., and Kim, E.S. (2022). Impact of Outborn\/Inborn Birth Status of Infants Born at <29 Weeks of Gestation on Neurodevelopmental Impairment: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811718"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28428-1","article-title":"Variations in survival outcomes of infants born at 22\u201323 weeks\u2019 gestation by neonatal intensive care quality level in Korea","volume":"16","author":"Jeon","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burge, K.Y., and Markel, T.A. (2022). Neonatal microbiome, intestinal inflammation, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10071382"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/9\/3198\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T13:01:16Z","timestamp":1776862876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/9\/3198"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15093198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15093198","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]}}}