{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:35:53Z","timestamp":1783456553488,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"European Union Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FP7\/2007-2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP7\/2007-2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"European Union Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["602273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["602273"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The co-occurrence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and depression increases the symptom burden and risk of long-term complications. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 131 patients with type 1 (age: 58.47 years; duration of diabetes: 35.61 years) and type 2 diabetes (age: 63.60 years; duration of diabetes: 11.49 years). All patients underwent assessment of socioeconomic status and evaluation using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Mental Component Score of the Short Form Healthy Survey Questionnaire, neuropathy disability score, nerve conduction studies, corneal confocal microscopy and intraepidermal nerve fibre density (IENFD) assessment. Results: The prevalence of foot pain (45% vs. 23.9%, p = 0.019), tingling (56.7% vs. 32.9%, p = 0.013), weakness (35% vs. 9.9%, p &lt; 0.001), ataxia (40% vs. 16.9%, p = 0.001), and upper limb symptoms (45% vs. 19.7%, p = 0.001) were statistically significantly higher, while cold perception threshold (22.50 \u00b1 8.47 vs. 26.34 \u00b1 3.08, p = 0.007), corneal nerve fibre density (20.49 \u00b1 7.55 vs. 24.16 \u00b1 5.68, p = 0.002) and length (20.06 \u00b1 6.98 vs. 22.95 \u00b1 6.22, p = 0.014) were statistically significantly lower, but no differences in nerve conduction studies or IENFD were observed in patients with depression compared to patients without depression. Furthermore, patients with depression were from a lower socioeconomic class (51.7% vs. 21.1%, p &lt; 0.001), had lower educational attainment (37.9% vs. 12.9%, p &lt; 0.001), had lower income &lt; \u00a337,000 (29.3% vs. 11.4%, p = 0.010) and lived in areas of high deprivation (62.1% vs. 31.4%, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Comorbid depression in people with diabetes was linked to increased socioeconomic deprivation and a greater prevalence of neuropathic symptoms and small fibre pathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15093215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T17:04:59Z","timestamp":1776963899000},"page":"3215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Interrelationship Between Socioeconomic Status, Depression, and Neuropathy in People with Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Raabya","family":"Pasha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"},{"name":"Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"},{"name":"NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gifty","family":"Quartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alise","family":"Kalteniece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2467-067X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catharina","family":"Faber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lauria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroalgology Unit, IRCCS Foundation, \u201cCarlo Besta\u201d Neurological Institute, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, \u201cLuigi Sacco\u201d, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8273-7089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiac Centre, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1789-6988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shazli","family":"Azmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"},{"name":"Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7188-8903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rayaz A.","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiac Centre, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha 24144, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Handrean","family":"Soran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"},{"name":"Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Ferdousi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"},{"name":"Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"},{"name":"NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20577","article-title":"Value of repeated measures of nerve conduction and quantitative sensory testing in a diabetic trial","volume":"34","author":"Bird","year":"2006","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2018.04.001","article-title":"Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy","volume":"40","author":"Iqbal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2024.108802","article-title":"The association of diabetic peripheral neuropathy with cardiac autonomic neuropathy in individuals with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Dykstra","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Its Complicat."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2337\/dci23-0033","article-title":"Psychosocial Care for People With Diabetic Neuropathy: Time for Action","volume":"47","author":"Pouwer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(12)00632-5","article-title":"Dialogue on Diabetes and Depression: Dealing with the double burden of co-morbidity","volume":"142","author":"Holt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1067","article-title":"Anxiety affects disability and quality of life in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy","volume":"21","author":"Geelen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61415-9","article-title":"Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: Results from the World Health Surveys","volume":"370","author":"Moussavi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398212818799269","DOI":"10.1177\/2398212818799269","article-title":"The neuroscience of depressive disorders: A brief review of the past and some considerations about the future","volume":"2","author":"Kaltenboeck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Neurosci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman, A., Tyrovolas, S., Koyanagi, A., Chatterji, S., Leonardi, M., Ayuso-Mateos, J.L., Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B., Koskinen, S., Rummel-Kluge, C., and Haro, J.M. (2016). The role of socio-economic status in depression: Results from the COURAGE (aging survey in Europe). BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3638-0"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"619","article-title":"Association of Depression and Diabetes Complications: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"63","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biopsychosoc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf182","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: A meta-analysis","volume":"157","author":"Lorant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2013.08.004","article-title":"Socioeconomic deprivation independently predicts symptomatic painful diabetic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prim. Care Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"376","article-title":"Socioeconomic deprivation independently predicts symptomatic painful diabetic neuropathy in people with type 2 diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Nurs."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2019.11.001","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities and type 2 diabetes complications: A systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Tatulashvili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, N., Guariglia, A., Moore, P., Xu, F., and Al-Janabi, H. (2022). Financial stress and depression in adults: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264041"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gad, H., Khan, A., Akhtar, N., Kamran, S., El-Sotouhy, A., Dargham, S.R., Petropoulos, I.N., Ponirakis, G., Shuaib, A., and Streletz, L.J. (2019). Corneal nerve and endothelial cell damage in patients with transient ischemic attack and minor ischemic stroke. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217672"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14757","article-title":"Greater small nerve fibre damage in the skin and cornea of type 1 diabetic patients with painful compared to painless diabetic neuropathy","volume":"28","author":"Ferdousi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15129","article-title":"Corneal nerve loss is related to the severity of painful diabetic neuropathy","volume":"29","author":"Kalteniece","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.05.039","article-title":"The role of socioeconomic status, depression, quality of life, and glycemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"149","author":"Hassan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00303-3","article-title":"Epidemiologic evidence for the relation between socioeconomic status and depression, obesity, and diabetes","volume":"53","author":"Everson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8603-8-39","article-title":"Diabetes and depression comorbidity and socio-economic status in low and middle income countries (LMICs): A mapping of the evidence","volume":"8","author":"Leone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(12)70004-6","article-title":"Epidemiology of depression and diabetes: A systematic review","volume":"142","author":"Roy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.11.025","article-title":"Association between anxiety and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies","volume":"77","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032782","article-title":"Vascular Risk Factors and Diabetic Neuropathy","volume":"352","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164116653240","article-title":"Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain is a stronger predictor of depression than other diabetic complications and comorbidities","volume":"13","author":"Morganti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.10.2378","article-title":"Diabetic peripheral neuropathy and depressive symptoms: The association revisited","volume":"28","author":"Vileikyte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2005.04.009","article-title":"Pain Severity in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy is Associated with Patient Functioning, Symptom Levels of Anxiety and Depression, and Sleep","volume":"30","author":"Gore","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400697","article-title":"A multicentre study of the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the United Kingdom hospital clinic population","volume":"36","author":"Young","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.657","article-title":"Vibration perception threshold\u2014A valuable assessment of neural dysfunction in people with diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Garrow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13468","DOI":"10.2196\/13468","article-title":"Validation of an Electronic Visual Analog Scale mHealth Tool for Acute Pain Assessment: Prospective Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"22","author":"Coda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02667.x","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the modified Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score in diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy","volume":"26","author":"Bril","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1482","article-title":"Diagnosis of Neuropathy and Risk Factors for Corneal Nerve Loss in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Corneal Confocal Microscopy Study","volume":"44","author":"Ferdousi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1303","article-title":"Diabetic Neuropathies: Update on Definitions, Diagnostic Criteria, Estimation of Severity, and Treatments","volume":"33","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalteniece, A., Ferdousi, M., Adam, S., Schofield, J., Azmi, S., Petropoulos, I., Soran, H., and Malik, R.A. (2017). Corneal confocal microscopy is a rapid reproducible ophthalmic technique for quantifying corneal nerve abnormalities. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183040"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-1-29","article-title":"The Hospital Anxiety And Depression Scale","volume":"1","author":"Snaith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"23","article-title":"SF-36 Physical and Mental Health Summary Scales","volume":"8","author":"Ware","year":"1993","journal-title":"A User\u2019s Man."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Statistics, O.F.N. (2024, April 27). Census 2021, ONS, Available online: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/visualisations\/customprofiles\/draw\/."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Statistics, O.O.N. (2024, April 27). Affluence in Your Area by Postcode. Office of National Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/crystalroof.co.uk\/report\/country\/uk\/affluence?tab=deprivation."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2020.16.35","article-title":"Depression Symptoms in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy","volume":"16","author":"Alghafri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Diabet. Stud."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.14.2101","article-title":"Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: Meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence","volume":"160","author":"DiMatteo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458989","DOI":"10.1080\/20565623.2025.2458989","article-title":"Depression among outpatients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: Prevalence and associated factors","volume":"11","author":"Gharaibeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Future Sci. OA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2422","article-title":"Small Nerve Fiber Quantification in the Diagnosis of Diabetic Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy: Comparing Corneal Confocal Microscopy With Intraepidermal Nerve Fiber Density","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-09258-7","article-title":"Depression as a mediator between socioeconomic status and risk of All-Cause and cardiovascular mortality in diabetes and prediabetes","volume":"15","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.08.007","article-title":"Is Pain Perception Altered in People With Depression? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Experimental Pain Research","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.01.474","article-title":"Pain Sensitivity in Patients With Major Depression: Differential Effect of Pain Sensitivity Measures, Somatic Cofactors, and Disease Characteristics","volume":"17","author":"Hermesdorf","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"12","article-title":"Depression and pain: Implications for symptomatic presentation and pharmacological treatments","volume":"2","author":"Kleiber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.7.934","article-title":"Depression and poor glycemic control: A meta-analytic review of the literature","volume":"23","author":"Lustman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"120","article-title":"The association between Diabetes mellitus and Depression","volume":"9","author":"Kobylinska","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13815","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic peripheral neuropathy, neuropathic pain and foot ulceration in the Persian Gulf region","volume":"13","author":"Ponirakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.8.1904","article-title":"Depression and Diabetes: A large population-based study of sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors associated with depression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Engum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000102","article-title":"Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms","volume":"143","author":"Salk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gary-Webb, T.L., Baptiste-Roberts, K., Pham, L., Wesche-Thobaben, J., Patricio, J., Pi-Sunyer, F.X., Brown, A.F., Jones-Corneille, L., Brancati, F.L., and the Look AHEAD Research Group (2011). Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status, Depression, and Health Status in the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) Study. BMC Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-349"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl269","article-title":"Socio-economic position at three points in life in association with type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in middle-aged Swedish men and women","volume":"36","author":"Agardh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62814-5","article-title":"The effect of socioeconomic status, depression, and diabetes symptoms severity on diabetes patient\u2019s life satisfaction in India","volume":"14","author":"Ranjan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.9.1321","article-title":"Personality correlates of glycemic control in type 2 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Lane","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.26719\/2010.16.3.286","article-title":"Behavioural and clinical factors associated with depression among individuals with diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Yekta","year":"2010","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/9\/3215\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T04:23:16Z","timestamp":1777090996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/9\/3215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15093215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15093215","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]}}}