{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:54:27Z","timestamp":1785430467756,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82071552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071552"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22376006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22376006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82071552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071552"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["22376006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22376006"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Development Fund Project","award":["BJZYYB-2025-57"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJZYYB-2025-57"]}]},{"name":"Peking University Sixth Hospital Scientific Research Seed Fund","award":["PY24003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PY24003"]}]},{"award":["PY24003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PY24003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05rzcwg85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Attending Psychiatrist Program of Peking University Sixth Hospital","award":["BDLYYLZL2024-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BDLYYLZL2024-08"]}]},{"award":["BDLYYLZL2024-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BDLYYLZL2024-08"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05rzcwg85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To investigate the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and the progression of motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Methods: We used data from the Parkinson\u2019s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) cohort with a follow-up duration of &gt;5 years. Baseline assessments included genetic analysis, brain MRI, cardiovascular risk factors, and overall cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Motor symptoms and non-motor symptoms of PD were evaluated using the Movement Disorders Society revised Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) and sub-scores, Hoehn\u2013Yahr stage, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Statistical analyses comprised univariate and multivariate linear regression and stratified analysis. Results: A total of 169 newly diagnosed PD patients and 78 healthy controls (HCs) were included. At baseline, no significant differences in cardiovascular risk factors or overall CVD risk were observed between PD patients and HCs. Hypertension (\u03b2 = 6.748, p = 0.040) and hyperlipidemia (\u03b2 = 8.316, p = 0.005) were associated with faster motor progression. ApoE genotype was correlated with motor progression (\u03b2 = 7.593, p = 0.007). PD patients with a moderate-to-low CVD risk (&lt;20%) had milder axial motor symptoms (3.0 [IQR, 4.0] vs. 4.0 [IQR, 5.0], p = 0.048) and lower MDS-UPDRS Part I total scores (7.0 [IQR, 6.25] vs. 9.0 [IQR, 7.0], p = 0.039) at last follow-up compared to high-CVD-risk (\u226520%) patients. Overall CVD risk was negatively correlated with total MoCA score at last follow-up (\u03b2 = \u22120.208, p&lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Cardiovascular risk factors accelerate the progression of motor and non-motor symptoms in PD, suggesting that management of modifiable CVD risk factors may represent a promising target to delay the progression of PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15093217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T12:04:42Z","timestamp":1776945882000},"page":"3217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and the Progression of Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Five-Year Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Junyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danhua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaobo","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xintong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinjin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5030-8350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junliang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e080952","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-080952","article-title":"Projections for prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease and its driving factors in 195 countries and territories to 2050: Modelling study of Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"388","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01419-8","article-title":"The epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s 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