{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T17:43:34Z","timestamp":1776966214995,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Minimally invasive interventional radiology (IR) offers effective, uterus-preserving treatments for several gynecologic and obstetric conditions such as uterine fibroids, adenomyosis and postpartum hemorrhage. Despite their efficacy, these methods remain underused, partly to limited awareness among clinicians and patients. Large language models (LLMs) may help bridge this gap by providing accessible, reliable information. Objective: To evaluate how current LLMs address knowledge gaps and promote awareness of minimally invasive IR methods in gynecology and obstetrics. Methods: A structured ten-question instrument was used to query three publicly available LLMs (OpenEvidence, ChatGPT, and Google Gemini). Responses were analyzed for accuracy, completeness, safety considerations, and patient-centered communication. Results: All three models accurately identified a range of medical, minimally invasive, and surgical treatments for uterine fibroids, adenomyosis, and postpartum hemorrhage, with OpenEvidence and ChatGPT providing more detailed and clinically nuanced responses. OpenEvidence achieved the highest scores overall, closely followed by ChatGPT, while Google Gemini scored lower, particularly in completeness and patient-centered communication. In more complex scenarios, performance differences became more pronounced, with OpenEvidence again leading, ChatGPT performing strongly, and Google Gemini lagging behind. Overall, OpenEvidence and ChatGPT demonstrated higher accuracy, completeness, and safety considerations, whereas Google Gemini showed comparatively weaker and less consistent performance. Conclusions: LLMs may endorse the promotion of minimally invasive IR methods in gynecology and obstetrics, but their outputs vary considerably in quality. Ongoing refinement and integration of evidence-based sources are essential before routine use in clinical practice. Therefore, effective collaboration between artificial intelligence (AI) developers and medical professionals is essential to harness this technology\u2019s full potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15093234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T17:04:59Z","timestamp":1776963899000},"page":"3234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Role of Large Language Models in the Promotion of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiologic Methods in Gynecology and Obstetrics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8516-6242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iason","family":"Psilopatis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Emons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kleio","family":"Vrettou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cytopathology, Sismanogleio General Hospital, Sismanogleiou 1, 15126 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1574-6572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tibor A.","family":"Zwimpfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Batulan, Z., Bhimla, A., and Higginbotham, E.J. 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