{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:27:38Z","timestamp":1785414458652,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010628","name":"Universidad de La Sabana","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MEDESP-45-2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MEDESP-45-2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010628","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["MEDESP-45-2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MEDESP-45-2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02sqgkj21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is frequently associated with multiple comorbidities that influence prognosis. The comorbidome is a graphical representation of both the prevalence and strength of association of each comorbidity with COPD, allowing rapid identification of the most relevant risk factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between comorbidities and mortality in patients with COPD using a comorbidome approach. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 500 patients aged \u226540 years with COPD treated between 2005 and 2020 at Cl\u00ednica Universidad de La Sabana (Ch\u00eda, Colombia). Demographic variables, comorbidities, and mortality were recorded. The prevalence of each comorbidity was expressed as a percentage, and their association with mortality was assessed using odds ratios (OR) derived from univariate contingency tables with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The comorbidome was constructed by plotting the inverse odds ratio (1\/OR) against the prevalence of each condition. Results: The mean age was 76.6 years (SD 11.3). Overall mortality was 28.4%. The most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension (45.2%) and smoking (38%). Comorbidities significantly associated with mortality in unadjusted analyses included congestive heart failure (OR: 4.28; 95% CI: 2.55\u20137.18), arrhythmias (OR: 2.86; 95% CI: 1.60\u20135.13), acute myocardial infarction (OR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.52\u20134.38), moderate or severe renal disease (OR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.07\u20134.04), peripheral vascular disease (OR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.10\u20133.40), and hypertension (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.12\u20132.46). Conclusions: The most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension and smoking. However, the conditions significantly associated with mortality in unadjusted analyses were congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, acute myocardial infarction, moderate or severe renal disease, peripheral vascular disease, and hypertension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15093365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:33:37Z","timestamp":1777376017000},"page":"3365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping the Comorbidome in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Prevalence and Mortality Risk in a Colombian Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5548-3464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charbel Kamil","family":"Faizal G\u00f3mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Com\u00fan, Km. 7 Autopista Norte de Bogot\u00e1, Ch\u00eda 250001, Cundinamarca, Colombia"},{"name":"Master\u2019s Candidate in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Com\u00fan, Km. 7 Autopista Norte de Bogot\u00e1, Ch\u00eda 250001, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7243-2238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Tuta Quintero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Com\u00fan, Km. 7 Autopista Norte de Bogot\u00e1, Ch\u00eda 250001, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8873-9779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alirio Rodrigo","family":"Bastidas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Com\u00fan, Km. 7 Autopista Norte de Bogot\u00e1, Ch\u00eda 250001, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Lozano Forero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Com\u00fan, Km. 7 Autopista Norte de Bogot\u00e1, Ch\u00eda 250001, Cundinamarca, Colombia"},{"name":"Master\u2019s Candidate in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Com\u00fan, Km. 7 Autopista Norte de Bogot\u00e1, Ch\u00eda 250001, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel David","family":"Nieto Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Com\u00fan, Km. 7 Autopista Norte de Bogot\u00e1, Ch\u00eda 250001, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Ort\u00edz Marquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Com\u00fan, Km. 7 Autopista Norte de Bogot\u00e1, Ch\u00eda 250001, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9535-2338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Herran P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Com\u00fan, Km. 7 Autopista Norte de Bogot\u00e1, Ch\u00eda 250001, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina","family":"Colmenares Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Com\u00fan, Km. 7 Autopista Norte de Bogot\u00e1, Ch\u00eda 250001, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateo","family":"Mari\u00f1o Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Com\u00fan, Km. 7 Autopista Norte de Bogot\u00e1, Ch\u00eda 250001, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Camilo","family":"Rodr\u00edguez S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Com\u00fan, Km. 7 Autopista Norte de Bogot\u00e1, Ch\u00eda 250001, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"C\u00e1rdenas Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Com\u00fan, Km. 7 Autopista Norte de Bogot\u00e1, Ch\u00eda 250001, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulton Camilo","family":"Perea G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Com\u00fan, Km. 7 Autopista Norte de Bogot\u00e1, Ch\u00eda 250001, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s Felipe","family":"Cardona Arango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Com\u00fan, Km. 7 Autopista Norte de Bogot\u00e1, Ch\u00eda 250001, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6904-961X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Salamanca Espa\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Com\u00fan, Km. 7 Autopista Norte de Bogot\u00e1, Ch\u00eda 250001, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan David","family":"Pardo Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Com\u00fan, Km. 7 Autopista Norte de Bogot\u00e1, Ch\u00eda 250001, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8812-7117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Raul","family":"Restrepo Garz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Com\u00fan, Km. 7 Autopista Norte de Bogot\u00e1, Ch\u00eda 250001, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202204-0671PP","article-title":"Definition and Nomenclature of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Time for Its Revision","volume":"206","author":"Celli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. 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