{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:12:20Z","timestamp":1785420740585,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009045","name":"Jagiellonian University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N41\/DBS\/001056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N41\/DBS\/001056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009045","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["N41\/DBS\/001056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N41\/DBS\/001056"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03bqmcz70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) lacks widely adopted biomarkers that reflect disease activity and severity. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a damage-associated molecular pattern, has been implicated in ALD pathogenesis. We evaluated the detectability of circulating HMGB1 in patients with ALD during active alcohol use and examined clinical associations. Methods: In this observational study, we enrolled hospitalized adults with ongoing ethanol use between 1 November 2023, and 31 December 2024. Controls had no history of excessive alcohol consumption and normal liver biochemistry. Clinical features, laboratory tests, and severity scores (including MELD, MELD-Na, and CLIF-C AD) were recorded. Serum HMGB1 was measured by ELISA; values \u2265 0.08 ng\/mL were considered detectable. Results: The cohort included 68 participants (58 with ALD and 10 controls); 29 patients had cirrhosis. HMGB1 was detectable in 32 measurements (42%), with a median concentration of 4.6 ng\/mL (IQR, 0.78\u201310.6; range, 0.08\u2013140.6). Detectable HMGB1 was more frequent in ALD than in controls (47% vs. 11%). Compared with HMGB1-negative patients, HMGB1-positive patients had higher total bilirubin and creatinine levels, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, higher white cell counts, and lower serum sodium. Liver enzyme activities and INR did not differ meaningfully by HMGB1 status. MELD, MELD-Na, and CLIF-C AD scores were higher in HMGB1-positive patients. Admission ethanol levels were higher in HMGB1-negative patients. Mortality and readmission did not differ by HMGB1 status. Conclusions: Detectable circulating HMGB1 is present in a subset of patients with ALD and is associated with greater liver disease severity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15093397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:31:56Z","timestamp":1777465916000},"page":"3397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum HMGB1 and Alcohol-Related Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6604-3239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Popiolek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Environmental Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Botaniczna 3, 31-503 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Toxicology and Internal Medicine Clinical Department, University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Hydzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Environmental Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Botaniczna 3, 31-503 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Toxicology and Internal Medicine Clinical Department, University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Ciszowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Environmental Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Botaniczna 3, 31-503 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Toxicology and Internal Medicine Clinical Department, University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Balicka-Slusarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Environmental Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Botaniczna 3, 31-503 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Toxicology and Internal Medicine Clinical Department, University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1040-6763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Gomolka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Environmental Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Botaniczna 3, 31-503 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Toxicological Laboratory, Diagnostics Department, University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Szkolnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Environmental Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Botaniczna 3, 31-503 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Toxicological Laboratory, Diagnostics Department, University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lubomir","family":"Skladany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Liver Transplantation, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, F. D. Roosevelt Teaching Hospital, 975 17 Banska Bystrica, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8561-396X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Arab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Escuela De Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica De Chile, Santiago 8320165, Chile"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivica","family":"Grgurevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Kukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Toxicology and Internal Medicine Clinical Department, University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (2018). 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