{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T03:46:54Z","timestamp":1777866414571,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a crucial intervention in managing severe respiratory failure due to COVID-19. However, its use may be complicated by pulmonary barotrauma, a serious event associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Understanding its incidence and associated risk factors is essential for optimising ventilatory strategies and improving patient outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factors associated with the development of pulmonary barotrauma in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19. Methods: All mechanically ventilated patients aged 18 years and above who were admitted to the COVID-19 Intensive Care Unit (ICU) from January 2021 to June 2022 were included. Patients who developed pulmonary barotrauma prior to or within 24 h of ICU admission, had iatrogenic pneumothorax, were readmitted to the ICU, or were ventilated for causes other than COVID-19-related respiratory failure were excluded. Data on patient demographics, vaccination status, ventilator parameters, laboratory findings, and the use of steroid or immunomodulatory therapies were collected and analysed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the potential risk factors and clinical outcomes associated with pulmonary barotrauma. Results: The medical records of 204 patients were included. The incidence of pulmonary barotrauma was 22.5%. Lower C-reactive protein (CRP) levels at ICU admission, lower FiO2 requirements during the first week of MV, a higher positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) during the second week, and a prolonged mechanical ventilation duration were significantly associated with pulmonary barotrauma (p = 0.039, 0.049, 0.021, and 0.036, respectively). Patients who developed pulmonary barotrauma experienced longer ICU stays (p = 0.006) and higher all-cause ICU mortality (p = 0.009). Conclusions: Lower CRP levels and a lower FiO2 requirements, a higher PEEP use, and longer ventilator days were the independent risk factors for pulmonary barotrauma in our study population, leading to a longer ICU stay and higher all-cause ICU mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15093422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T08:03:47Z","timestamp":1777536227000},"page":"3422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk Factors for Barotrauma with Extra-Alveolar Air in a Selected COVID-19 Patient Population: Experience from a Tertiary University Hospital"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8344-6427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian Hai","family":"Chai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1024-5717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azlina","family":"Masdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3494-3010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliza","family":"Mohamad Yusof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Md Nor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5784-6072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rufinah","family":"Teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9552-4880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iskandar","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan Rahiza","family":"Wan Mat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.26719\/2020.26.2.136","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak: Preparedness and Readiness of Countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region","volume":"26","author":"Samhouri","year":"2020","journal-title":"East. 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