{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T05:09:42Z","timestamp":1778389782497,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Delirium is a common neuropsychiatric syndrome among hospitalized patients and has been associated with increased short- and long-term mortality. However, data on long-term outcomes and prognostic significance remain limited, particularly in Middle Eastern populations. Methods: This prospective observational cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Adult patients admitted to medical, surgical, and intensive care units (ICUs) underwent standardized clinical neuropsychiatric assessment for delirium. Five-year follow-up data were obtained from electronic health records and phone follow-up with patients\/caregivers. Clinical outcomes and survival were compared between patients with and without baseline delirium. Kaplan\u2013Meier survival analysis assessed five-year survival, and Cox regression explored the association between delirium and time-to-death adjusting for medical\/psychiatric morbidity. Results: Among 278 patients, 71 (25.5%) were diagnosed with delirium during initial hospitalization. At five years, 51 patients (18.3%) had died. Patients with delirium had higher mortality (35.2% vs. 12.6%, p &lt; 0.001), reduced five-year survival, and greater cumulative ward and ICU stays. In Cox regression including 50 deaths with complete data, delirium at initial assessment was associated with a higher hazard of death during follow-up (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.06\u20133.55). Older age per year (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00\u20131.04), kidney disease (HR 2.12, 95% CI 1.20\u20133.75), and psychiatric disorders (HR 2.16, 95% CI 1.17\u20133.97) were independently associated with a higher hazard of death. Conclusions: Delirium was associated with increased five-year mortality and adverse long-term clinical outcomes. These findings support the prognostic significance of delirium in hospitalized patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15093453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:50:01Z","timestamp":1777618201000},"page":"3453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Outcomes and Mortality Following Delirium: A Five-Year Follow-Up Study on Hospitalized Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4220-6476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali M.","family":"Bahathig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"SABIC Psychological Health Research and Applications Chair (SPHRAC), Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11683, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5439-6109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Alarabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8030-6906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad H.","family":"Aldossary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malak A.","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eradah & Mental Health Complex, Riyadh 32272, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0345-5567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Aljaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"SABIC Psychological Health Research and Applications Chair (SPHRAC), Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11683, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5452-0961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayedh H.","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"SABIC Psychological Health Research and Applications Chair (SPHRAC), Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11683, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1027-5836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahad D.","family":"Alosaimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2022). 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