{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:27:34Z","timestamp":1785403654124,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015550","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC-2026-2801296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC-2026-2801296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RC-2026-2801296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC-2026-2801296"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00789fa95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized by fibro-inflammatory lesions of the biliary tree. In the absence of available, effective medical therapies, many patients progress to liver failure, making PSC one of the leading indications for liver transplantation (LT), despite its rarity. While LT in PSC is associated with good overall short- and long-term survival, post-transplant outcomes are limited by recurrent PSC (rPSC), which affects up to one quarter of PSC recipients with a significant risk of graft loss and re-transplantation. The risk of rPSC reflects a complex interaction between donor and recipient factors including associated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and long-term exposure to immunosuppression. Therefore, post-transplant management requires an individualized multidisciplinary approach and tailored immunosuppressive regimens aimed at balancing the risk of rejection and rPSC with the risk of infection and malignancy. Optimal control of IBD has emerged as a key modifiable determinant of rPSC risk and post-transplant outcomes. In addition, patients with PSC, particularly PSC-IBD patients, carry a significantly increased risk of hepatobiliary and colorectal cancer. Importantly, this oncological risk persists after LT. Thus, long-term, structured cancer surveillance must remain an integral component of post-transplant care. Looking ahead, novel therapies targeting shared hepatic and intestinal fibro-inflammatory pathways are currently being investigated to modify disease activity in the pre-transplant setting. Future studies are needed to assess whether these agents might be applicable also in the post-transplant setting to improve long-term graft and patient survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15093480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:54:07Z","timestamp":1777654447000},"page":"3480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond the Graft: Optimizing Post-Transplant Care in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Becchetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20121 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Vigan\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20121 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8806-0424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Aprile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20121 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Scaravaglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20121 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"},{"name":"Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2603-8245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Unit for the Treatment of Severe Organ Failure, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3890-5393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Perricone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20121 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Mazzarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20121 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Vangeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20121 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca Saverio","family":"Belli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20121 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20121 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9742-1981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Unit for the Treatment of Severe Organ Failure, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-025-00600-x","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"11","author":"Manns","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001268","article-title":"Liver transplantation for cholestatic liver diseases: Timing and disease recurrence","volume":"82","author":"Cancado","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/LVT.0000000000000419","article-title":"Recurrence of autoimmune liver diseases after liver transplantation: Review and expert opinion statement","volume":"31","author":"Corpechot","year":"2025","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.12.008","article-title":"Recurrent and De Novo Liver Disease After Liver Transplantation","volume":"29","author":"Condon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30300-3","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"391","author":"Dyson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veyre, F., De Martin, E., Erard, D., Francoz, C., Elkrief, L., Besch, C., Boillot, O., Conti, F., Dharancy, S., and Duvoux, C. (2025). Recurrence of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis After Liver Transplantation: A French National Cohort Study Including 571 Patients. Am. J. Gastroenterol.","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000003659"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.08.031","article-title":"Cyclosporine vs. tacrolimus after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis\u2014A propensity score-matched intention-to-treat analysis","volume":"80","author":"Aberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carbone, M., Della Penna, A., Mazzarelli, C., De Martin, E., Villard, C., Bergquist, A., Line, P.D., Neuberger, J.M., Al-Shakhshir, S., and Trivedi, P.J. (2023). Liver Transplantation for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) with or Without Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)-A European Society of Organ Transplantation (ESOT) Consensus Statement. Transpl. Int., 36.","DOI":"10.3389\/ti.2023.11729"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (2022). EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on sclerosing cholangitis. J. Hepatol., 77, 761\u2013806.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.05.011"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e342","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000000760","article-title":"Rituximab Induction to Prevent the Recurrence of PSC After Liver Transplantation-The Lessons Learned From ABO-Incompatible Living Donor Liver Transplantation","volume":"4","author":"Yamada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplant. Direct"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cargill, T., and Culver, E.L. (2021). The Role of B Cells and B Cell Therapies in Immune-Mediated Liver Diseases. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.661196"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003829","article-title":"Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Liver Transplant Recipients with Recurrent Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Pilot Study","volume":"106","author":"Chruscinski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.02.009","article-title":"Differences in immunosuppressive strategies for primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation","volume":"84","author":"Juliebo","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2025.02.001","article-title":"PSC-specific prognostic scores associated with graft loss and overall mortality in recurrent PSC after liver transplantation","volume":"57","author":"Lytvyak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102613","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis: What is new in the therapeutic landscape","volume":"96","author":"Curto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04822.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Ursodeoxycholic acid for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"34","author":"Triantos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24350","article-title":"Biliary strictures and recurrence after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis: A retrospective multicenter analysis","volume":"22","author":"Hildebrand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.05.009","article-title":"norUrsodeoxycholic acid improves cholestasis in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"67","author":"Fickert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(25)00310-1","article-title":"LBO-001 Norucholic acid for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis: 96-week analysis of a pivotal phase 3 trial","volume":"82","author":"Trauner","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2023.100188","article-title":"PPAR agonists for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis: Old and new tales","volume":"6","author":"Colapietro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.04.025","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of elafibranor in primary sclerosing cholangitis: The ELMWOOD phase II randomized-controlled trial","volume":"84","author":"Levy","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.10.001","article-title":"Fibrates for Itch (FITCH) in Fibrosing Cholangiopathies: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"160","author":"Bolier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(25)00208-0","article-title":"Cilofexor in non-cirrhotic primary sclerosing cholangitis (PRIMIS): A randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"11","author":"Trauner","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"492","article-title":"Nebokitug, an Anti-chemokine (C-C Motif) Ligand 24 Monoclonal Antibody, in Patients with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Phase 2 Study","volume":"2","author":"Bowlus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.09.016","article-title":"Phase II INTEGRIS-PSC trial of bexotegrast, an \u03b1(v)\u03b2(6)\/\u03b1(v)\u03b2(1) integrin inhibitor, in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"84","author":"Hirschfield","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17936","article-title":"Oral vancomycin is associated with improved inflammatory bowel disease clinical outcomes in primary sclerosing cholangitis-associated inflammatory bowel disease (PSC-IBD): A matched analysis from the Paediatric PSC Consortium","volume":"59","author":"Ricciuto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-020-01272-8","article-title":"The role of oral vancomycin in inducing remission for biologic-experienced ulcerative colitis with concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis and liver transplantation","volume":"14","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106630","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-106630","article-title":"Prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 clinical trial assessing the efficacy and safety of oral vancomycin in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis with\/out inflammatory bowel disease in Italy: Study protocol of VanC-IT trial","volume":"16","author":"Cristoferi","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.08.005","article-title":"Claudin-1 is a mediator and therapeutic target in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"83","author":"Crouchet","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2023.12.005","article-title":"Microbial Players in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Current Evidence and Concepts","volume":"17","author":"Ozdirik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa021","article-title":"A Pilot Integrative Analysis of Colonic Gene Expression, Gut Microbiota, and Immune Infiltration in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Association of Disease with Bile Acid Pathways","volume":"14","author":"Quraishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310500","article-title":"The gut microbial profile in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis is distinct from patients with ulcerative colitis without biliary disease and healthy controls","volume":"66","author":"Kummen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32773","article-title":"A shared mucosal gut microbiota signature in primary sclerosing cholangitis before and after liver transplantation","volume":"77","author":"Hole","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15375","article-title":"Consistent alterations in faecal microbiomes of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis independent of associated colitis","volume":"50","author":"Ruhlemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-311004","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis is characterised by intestinal dysbiosis independent from IBD","volume":"65","author":"Sabino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3762","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03476-4","article-title":"Gut microbiota of liver transplantation recipients","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317791","article-title":"Fungi participate in the dysbiosis of gut microbiota in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"69","author":"Lemoinne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.12.058","article-title":"Altered Gut Microbial Metabolism of Essential Nutrients in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis","volume":"160","author":"Kummen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.05.038","article-title":"Clinical and biochemical impact of vitamin B6 deficiency in primary sclerosing cholangitis before and after liver transplantation","volume":"79","author":"Braadland","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0191-8","article-title":"The ancestral and industrialized gut microbiota and implications for human health","volume":"17","author":"Sonnenburg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.05.005","article-title":"Intestinal Crosstalk between Bile Acids and Microbiota and Its Impact on Host Metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Wahlstrom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323071","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as central regulators in metabolic disorders","volume":"70","author":"Agus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000604","article-title":"Targeting the Gut Microbiome as a Treatment for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Conceptional Framework","volume":"115","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12232","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: Vancomycin or metronidazole in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis\u2014A pilot study","volume":"37","author":"Tabibian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jjae189","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae189","article-title":"Open Label Vancomycin in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Improved Colonic Disease Activity and Associations with Changes in Host-Microbiome-Metabolomic Signatures","volume":"19","author":"Quraishi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000115","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Pilot Clinical Trial","volume":"114","author":"Allegretti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39029-9","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapy against pathological Klebsiella pneumoniae ameliorates the course of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"14","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e095392","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-095392","article-title":"FAecal micRobiota transplantation in primary sclerosinG chOlangitis (FARGO): Study protocol for a randomised, multicentre, phase IIa, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Quraishi","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i1599","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae190.1012","article-title":"The clinical outcomes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2020.09.011","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease course in liver transplant versus non-liver transplant patients for primary sclerosing cholangitis: LIVIBD, an IG-IBD study","volume":"53","author":"Ribaldone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"otae036","DOI":"10.1093\/crocol\/otae036","article-title":"Does Timing of Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis Matter in Patients with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Orthotopic Liver Transplantation? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Alsakarneh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crohn\u2019s Colitis 360"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"434","article-title":"The effect of liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis on disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"9","author":"Mosli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.163","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"108","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.12.027","article-title":"Immunosuppression after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis influences activity of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schnitzler, F., Friedrich, M., Stallhofer, J., Schonermarck, U., Fischereder, M., Habicht, A., Karbalai, N., Wolf, C., Angelberger, M., and Olszak, T. (2015). Solid Organ Transplantation in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD): Analysis of Transplantation Outcome and IBD Activity in a Large Single Center Cohort. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135807"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15687","article-title":"Tacrolimus induces short-term but not long-term clinical response in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"51","author":"Mesonero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-117183","article-title":"Immunosuppression following liver transplantation and the course of inflammatory bowel disease\u2014A case control study","volume":"56","author":"Mogl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Z. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"949","article-title":"Safety of Combination Biologic and Antirejection Therapy Post-Liver Transplantation in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"26","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.13852","article-title":"Donor age (>\/=45 years) and reduced immunosuppression are associated with the recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation\u2014A multicenter retrospective study","volume":"34","author":"Akamatsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e543","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000005607","article-title":"Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Associated with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Pre- and Post-liver Transplantation","volume":"110","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24757","article-title":"Vedolizumab is safe and effective in moderate-to-severe inflammatory bowel disease following liver transplantation","volume":"23","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640619858050","article-title":"Safety of vedolizumab in liver transplant recipients: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Spadaccini","year":"2019","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.70283","article-title":"Systemic Biologics Have Similar Safety to Vedolizumab in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Following Liver Transplantation","volume":"62","author":"Chin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holvoet, T., Truyens, M., Reenaers, C., Baert, F., Vanden Branden, S., Cremer, A., Pouillon, L., Dewint, P., Van Moerkercke, W., and Rahier, J.F. (2025). Ustekinumab in Ulcerative Colitis: A Real-Life Effectiveness Study Across Multiple Belgian Centers (SULTAN). J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14186506"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad108","article-title":"Safety of Biologic and Small Molecule Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Among Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Taneja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae039","article-title":"Safety and Effectiveness of Janus Kinase Inhibitors in the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Following Liver Transplantation","volume":"18","author":"Con","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"e89494","article-title":"Effectiveness and Safety of Risankizumab for Psoriasis in a Liver Transplant Patient with Recurrent Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Sylvain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000006533","article-title":"Long-term Outcomes Following Colectomy and Liver Transplantation for Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis","volume":"283","author":"Matar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000006041","article-title":"Ileal Pouch-anal Anastomosis in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-inflammatory Bowel Disease (PSC-IBD): Long-term Pouch and Liver Transplant Outcomes","volume":"278","author":"Maspero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.09.037","article-title":"Incidence of Hepatobiliary Malignancies in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Souza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10214-6","article-title":"Increased risk of cancer in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"15","author":"Bergquist","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001725","article-title":"Risk Factors and Outcomes of De Novo Cancers (Excluding Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer) After Liver Transplantation for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis","volume":"101","author":"Mouchli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23741","article-title":"Incidence of colorectal cancer after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31782","article-title":"Survival after the diagnosis of de novo malignancy in liver transplant recipients","volume":"144","author":"Taborelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2020.101680","article-title":"De novo and recurrent malignancy","volume":"46\u201347","author":"Shalaby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2016.01.006","article-title":"De Novo Malignancies After Transplantation: Risk and Surveillance Strategies","volume":"100","author":"Doycheva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000006815","article-title":"Development of the Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Estimation of Tumor Recurrence After Transplant (PRETREAT) Score","volume":"282","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70002","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.70002","article-title":"Recurrence of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and De Novo Cholangiocarcinoma After Liver Transplantation: Results From the Brazilian Cholestasis Consortium","volume":"38","author":"Bittencourt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2024.01.175","article-title":"Trends in liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"56","author":"Morelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1097\/LVT.0000000000000523","article-title":"Long-term (15 y) complications and outcomes after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis: Impact of donor and recipient factors","volume":"31","author":"Mouchli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2022.100599","article-title":"Inflammatory conditions play a role in recurrence of PSC after liver transplantation: An international multicentre study","volume":"4","author":"Visseren","year":"2022","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2012.685754","article-title":"Colorectal neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis undergoing liver transplantation: A Nordic multicenter study","volume":"47","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12469","article-title":"The fate of indefinite and low-grade dysplasia in ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis colitis before and after liver transplantation","volume":"38","author":"Eaton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.02.024","article-title":"Liver Transplantation Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Colorectal Dysplasia in Patients with IBD and Concomitant PSC","volume":"24","author":"Ohri","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.02.014","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of anti-TNF therapy for inflammatory bowel disease in liver transplant recipients for primary sclerosing cholangitis: A nationwide case series","volume":"50","author":"Altwegg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2036","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Biologic Agents for the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease After Liver Transplantation","volume":"37","author":"Shaikh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac187","article-title":"ECCO Guidelines on Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Malignancies","volume":"17","author":"Gordon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/9\/3480\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:05:49Z","timestamp":1777655149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/9\/3480"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15093480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15093480","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}}}