{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T05:12:25Z","timestamp":1778562745308,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Dyspnoea in heart failure with reduced or mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF\/HFmrEF) is multidimensional, yet conventional unidimensional scales do not capture its sensory and affective components. The Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile (MDP) addresses this gap; however, its psychometric properties have not been established in a dedicated HFrEF\/HFmrEF cohort. We assessed structural validity, internal consistency, test\u2013retest reliability, and construct validity of the MDP using COSMIN methodology. Methods: In this prospective, single-centre psychometric validation study, 101 clinically stable adults with HFrEF or HFmrEF were enrolled at a tertiary outpatient cardiac clinic in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Participants completed the MDP alongside Dyspnea-12, modified Medical Research Council scale, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-12, Fatigue Severity Scale, and 6 min walk test. Test\u2013retest data were obtained at 12 days in patients confirmed stable by the Global Rating of Change (n = 87). Psychometric evaluation included Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1, intraclass correlation (ICC2,1), standard error of measurement, minimum detectable change (MDC95), confirmatory factor analysis (comparative fit index [CFI], root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA], standardised root mean square residual [SRMR]), and 12 a priori construct hypotheses. A preliminary minimal clinically important difference (MCID) was estimated using anchor- and distribution-based methods. Results: The mean age was 55 \u00b1 11 years and 80% were male. CFA supported the two-factor model (CFI = 0.96; RMSEA = 0.061; SRMR = 0.058). Cronbach \u03b1 was 0.92 for the full scale, 0.88 for immediate perception, and 0.91 for emotional response. ICC2,1 was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.91\u20130.96), and MDC95 was 4.2 points. All 12 hypotheses were confirmed. The preliminary MCID was 8 points. Conclusions: The MDP is a reliable, valid, and clinically interpretable multidimensional dyspnoea measure in HFrEF\/HFmrEF. The 8-point MCID is preliminary and requires confirmation in larger longitudinal intervention studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15093533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T07:36:23Z","timestamp":1778052983000},"page":"3533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond Breathlessness Intensity: A Prospective Psychometric Validation of the Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile in Heart Failure with Reduced and Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5255-4860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monira I.","family":"Aldhahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8845-109X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rakan I.","family":"Nazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0554-8721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali M.","family":"Albarrati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2023.05","article-title":"Global Public Health Burden of Heart Failure: An Updated Review","volume":"9","author":"Shahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Card. 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