{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:12:30Z","timestamp":1785420750896,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CM22\/00183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM22\/00183"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TED2021-130174B-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-130174B-C33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2022-138585OB-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-138585OB-C33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 NS39422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS39422"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 NS094607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS094607"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["R01 NS39422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS39422"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01 NS094607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS094607"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) commonly impairs information processing speed, which is not well captured by conventional disability metrics. Oculomotor paradigms engage neural circuits frequently affected in MS and may provide objective cognitive correlates. We investigated whether baseline oculomotor parameters are prospectively associated with processing speed at ~6-year follow-up. Methods: Forty-four patients with MS underwent a standardized oculomotor battery (visually guided saccades, antisaccades, and sinusoidal smooth pursuit). The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) was reassessed after a mean of 5.7 years. Age-adjusted Spearman partial correlations were computed between 30 baseline oculomotor parameters and follow-up SDMT, applying false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Sensitivity analyses included Cook\u2019s distance. Results: Three parameters survived FDR correction: reflexive saccade duration (i.e., erroneous fixation duration\u2014the dwell time at the erroneous target location before corrective antisaccade initiation; \u03c1 = \u22120.59, q = 0.0011), catch-up saccades (\u03c1 = \u22120.52, q = 0.0055), and reflexive saccade latency (\u03c1 = \u22120.44, q = 0.033). Results remained stable after excluding influential observations. In multivariable analysis (adjusted R2 = 0.60), reflexive saccade duration (p &lt; 0.001) and catch-up saccades (p = 0.019) were independently associated with lower SDMT. Conclusions: Baseline antisaccade reflexive saccade duration and smooth-pursuit catch-up saccades were prospectively associated with worse cognitive processing speed at long-term follow-up, suggesting eye-tracking-derived metrics as candidate objective correlates warranting prospective validation in MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15103609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T19:10:52Z","timestamp":1778267452000},"page":"3609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Baseline Oculomotor Parameters Are Prospectively Associated with Cognitive Processing Speed at 6-Year Follow-Up in Multiple Sclerosis: An Exploratory Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9993-1865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariano","family":"Ruiz-Ortiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Complutense University of Madrid (PhD Program in Medical and Surgical Sciences), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1067-0564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Garc\u00eda-Cena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETSIDI-Center for Automation and Robotics UPM-CSIC, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28012 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, 19002 Guadalajara, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Moreno-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Labiano-Fontcuberta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Montabes-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del","family":"\u00c1lamo-D\u00edez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2890-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego Enrique","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-Villamar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Tecnolog\u00eda e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia (UNAD), Bogot\u00e1 111411, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1769-4809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juli\u00e1n","family":"Benito-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.8.1157","article-title":"Association of neocortical volume changes with cognitive deterioration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"64","author":"Amato","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. 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