{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T18:12:39Z","timestamp":1778523159855,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Orthodontic camouflage in Class III patients is a widely used treatment approach. However, its application is subject to specific clinical indications. This narrative review aims to synthesize the current scientific evidence and provide an overview of the available methods, their advantages and limitations, in order to guide the appropriate management of Class III camouflage cases. Methods: A literature search was carried out using five main scientific databases without restrictions. Inclusion criteria were all types of articles published on various orthodontic camouflage techniques for Class III malocclusion in adult patients. The string searches included \u201ccamouflage\u201d and \u201cClass III malocclusion\u201d. In addition, a manual search was performed to identify further relevant articles. The methodological quality was assessed using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) classification. Results: This narrative review synthesizes 128 studies on orthodontic camouflage in adult Class III malocclusion. Among the 128 articles included, 110 (86%) were case reports or small case series, corresponding to level 4\u20135 evidence. The remaining studies were observational in design, most of them retrospective, corresponding to level 2\u20133 evidence. Extractive or non-extractive treatment can be used for non-surgical treatment of a Class III in adults. In recent years, aesthetic techniques, such as clear aligners or lingual fixed appliances, have been efficiently performed. Carriere Motion III is a fast and efficient method to mask a Class III occlusal relationship. Moreover, the use of temporary anchored devices (TADs) has proven to be an effective and minimally invasive method for managing mandibular distalization and a retraction of the lower incisors. Conclusions: Although most reports are case-based, recent advances such as TADs and clear aligners offer effective non-surgical alternatives for selected mild-to-moderate cases. Careful patient selection remains critical. The evidence was low-quality, and further prospective studies are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15103680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T17:17:42Z","timestamp":1778519862000},"page":"3680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Camouflage Modalities of Treatment for Skeletal Class III Malocclusion in Adults\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Valentina","family":"Rutili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice in Orthodontics, 50100 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2016.07.017","article-title":"Early orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"151","author":"Woon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Oral Impacts on Quality of Life in Adult Patients with Class I, II and III Malocclusion","volume":"14","author":"Javed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-022-01771-w","article-title":"Assessment of Quality of Life in Class III Patients Undergoing Orthognathic Surgery","volume":"22","author":"Vicente","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-018-0218-0","article-title":"Treatment decision in adult patients with class III malocclusion: Surgery versus orthodontics","volume":"19","author":"Eslami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xaor.2023.08.003","article-title":"Nonsurgical management of skeletal Class III malocclusion and dentoalveolar open bite with clear aligners","volume":"3","author":"Vadera","year":"2023","journal-title":"AJO-DO Clin. Companion"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"217","article-title":"Lower Second Molar Extraction in Correction of Severe Skeletal Class III Malocclusion","volume":"76","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2004.08.018","article-title":"Extreme dentoalveolar compensation in the treatment of Class III malocclusion","volume":"128","author":"Janson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.07.029","article-title":"Adult skeletal Class III correction with camouflage orthodontic treatment","volume":"156","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04685-6","article-title":"Orthodontic camouflage versus orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment in borderline class III malocclusion: A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Alhammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40902-022-00345-7","article-title":"Clinical investigation of patients with jaw deformity with comorbidities","volume":"44","author":"Kasahara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Maxillofac. Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5125\/jkaoms.2017.43.1.3","article-title":"Complications associated with orthognathic surgery","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Korean Assoc. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inchingolo, A.M., Patano, A., Piras, F., de Ruvo, E., Ferrante, L., Di Noia, A., Dongiovanni, L., Palermo, A., Inchingolo, F., and Inchingolo, A.D. (2023). Orthognathic Surgery and Relapse: A Systematic Review. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10091071"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, M.K., Nowrin, S.A., Shahid, F., AlHarby, H., Abutayyem, H., Alswairki, H.J., and Mohamed, S.K.E.-D. (2022). Orthognathic versus Camouflage Treatment of Class III Malocclusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12073314"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21bbo24","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.26.4.e21bbo4","article-title":"Orthodontic camouflage as a treatment alternative for skeletal Class III","volume":"26","author":"Araujo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Press J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"401","article-title":"Preliminary investigation of nonsurgical treatment of severe skeletal Class III malocclusion in the permanent dentition","volume":"73","author":"Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Class III malocclusion camouflage treatment in adults: A Systematic Review","volume":"2019","author":"Pinzan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"The SANRA\u2014A Scale for the Quality Assessment of Narrative Review Articles","volume":"26","author":"Baethge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Integr. Peer Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (2025, October 10). The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence. Available online: https:\/\/www.cebm.ox.ac.uk\/resources\/levels-of-evidence\/ocebm-levels-of-evidence."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-024-00459-5","article-title":"Favourable dentoalveolar changes after lower premolar extractions for Class III camouflage with completely customized lingual appliances","volume":"20","author":"Thiem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-025-00493-x","article-title":"Dentoalveolar process remodelling in the anterior mandible after Class III camouflage treatment with lower premolar extractions","volume":"21","author":"Wiechmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"301","article-title":"Analysis of morphometric changes following to patients with skeletal class III malocclusion treated with orthodontic method","volume":"46","author":"Downarowicz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Probl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.05.017","article-title":"Class III camouflage treatment: What are the limits?","volume":"137","author":"Burns","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"301","article-title":"Therapeutic effect analysis of skeletal class III malocclusion treatment by transmission straight wire technique","volume":"38","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"West China J. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2022.02.008","article-title":"True vertical changes in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion after nonsurgical orthodontic treatment-a retrospective study comparing different vertical facial patterns","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17733","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17733","article-title":"Evaluation of the facial profile of skeletal Class III patients undergoing camouflage orthodontic treatment: A retrospective study","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Liu, Y., Guo, K., Ma, H., and Yang, F. (2025). Soft and hard tissue changes after compensatory treatment in skeletal class III malocclusion. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322551"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2016.46.4.212","article-title":"Treatment effects of mandibular total arch distalization using a ramal plate","volume":"46","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2020.09.040","article-title":"Comparison of treatment effects after total mandibular arch distalization with miniscrews vs ramal plates in patients with Class III malocclusion","volume":"161","author":"Yeon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2016.10.040","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of treatment outcomes between temporary anchorage devices and Class III elastics in Class III malocclusions","volume":"151","author":"Nakamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"665","article-title":"Efficiency of class III malocclusion treatment with 2-premolar extraction and molar distalization protocols","volume":"16","author":"Azeem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3182a248ae","article-title":"Treatment effects of distal movement of lower arch with miniscrews in the retromolar area compared with miniscrews in the posterior area of the maxillary","volume":"24","author":"Ye","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7238263","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7238263","article-title":"CBCT Analysis of Changes in Dental Occlusion and Temporomandibular Joints before and after MEAW Orthotherapy in Patients with Nonlow Angle of Skeletal Class III","volume":"2020","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1114","article-title":"Efficacy of mandibular molar distalization by clear aligner treatment","volume":"46","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rota, E., Parrini, S., Malekian, K., Cugliari, G., Mampieri, G., Deregibus, A., and Castroflorio, T. (2022). Lower Molar Distalization Using Clear Aligners: Bodily Movement or Uprighting? A Preliminary Study. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12147123"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/digm.digm_30_21","article-title":"Efficacy of clear aligners on mandibular molar distalization: A retrospective study","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lione, R., Pavoni, C., Gazzani, F., De Razza, F.C., Lugli, L., and Cozza, P. (2025). Soft-tissue modification in Class III non-growing patients treated with clear aligners: A prospective clinical trial. Front. Dent. Med., 29.","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2025.1584088"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Incorvati, C., Gulotta, C., Mirabile, F.M.C., Badiali, G., and Marchetti, C. (2022). Current Trends in Skeletal Borderline Patients: Surgical versus Orthodontic Treatment Decisions\u2014What Is the Evidence?. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12094636"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2002.123632","article-title":"Treatment decision in adult patients with Class III malocclusion: Orthodontic therapy or orthognathic surgery?","volume":"122","author":"Lux","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"McLaughlin, R., Bennett, J., and Trevisi, H. (2001). Systemized Orthodontic Treatment Mechanics, Mosby (Elsevier)."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02298-9","article-title":"Extraction camouflage treatment of a skeletal Class III malocclusion with severe anterior crowding by miniscrews and driftodontics in the mandibular dentition","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.21.4.089-098.oar","article-title":"Orthodontic camouflage of skeletal Class III malocclusion with miniplate: A case report","volume":"21","author":"Farret","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Press J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2022.10.013","article-title":"TAD driven Class III camouflage: Eight point protocol to optimize efficiency, aesthetics and stability","volume":"28","author":"Venugopal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Proffit, W.R., Fields, H.W., Larson, B., and Sarver, D.M. (2025). Contemporary Orthodontics, Diagnosis and Treatment Planning, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.01.030","article-title":"Tooth movement after orthodontic treatment with 4 second premolar extractions","volume":"138","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.51847\/oFHM5pCzUw","article-title":"The Considerations Of Mandibular Incisor Extraction In Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Ajwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Dent. Spec."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S1073-8746(99)80021-8","article-title":"Nonsurgical management of the anterior open bite: A review of the options","volume":"5","author":"Beane","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-025-00357-9","article-title":"Expert consensus on early orthodontic treatment of class III malocclusion","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2319\/103006-445.1","article-title":"Skeletal Class lll severe openbite treatment using implant anchorage","volume":"78","author":"Sakai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1051\/odfen\/2009407","article-title":"Therapeutic Class III molar occlusion","volume":"12","author":"Orthlieb","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dent. Anom. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.21.4.017-023.oin","article-title":"Miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expander (MARPE): The quest for pure orthopedic movement","volume":"21","author":"Suzuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Press J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.07.023","article-title":"Class III malocclusion with complex problems of lateral open bite and severe crowding successfully treated with miniscrew anchorage and lingual orthodontic brackets","volume":"139","author":"Yanagita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(97)70182-3","article-title":"The mandibular central incisor, an extraction option","volume":"111","author":"Klein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.10.020","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment with removal of one mandibular incisor: Outcome data and the importance of extraction site preparation","volume":"156","author":"Zermeno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.IJDR_551_20","article-title":"Multi-disciplinary orthodontic camouflage treatment of a severe skeletal class III malocclusion with 1 year follow-up\u2014A case report","volume":"33","author":"Adeni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"153","article-title":"Single lower incisor extractions","volume":"27","author":"Owen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(94)70106-7","article-title":"Mandibular incisor extraction therapy","volume":"105","author":"Valinoti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2003.02.003","article-title":"Distal movement of mandibular molars in adult patients with the skeletal anchorage system","volume":"125","author":"Sugawara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1179\/1465313313Y.0000000046","article-title":"Skeletal class III malocclusion treated using a non-surgical approach supplemented with mini-implants: A case report","volume":"40","author":"Farret","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1590\/S2176-94512013000200026","article-title":"Vertical control in the Class III compensatory treatment","volume":"18","author":"Sobral","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dent. Press J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2011.01.025","article-title":"Angle Class III malocclusion treated with mandibular first molar extractions","volume":"142","author":"Ruellas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-011-0065-9","article-title":"Dental compensation for moderate Class III with vertical growth pattern by extraction of the lower second molars","volume":"73","author":"Jacobs","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(00)70161-2","article-title":"For four sixes","volume":"117","author":"Sandler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/24.4.407","article-title":"Vertical changes following orthodontic extraction treatment in skeletal open bite subjects","volume":"24","author":"Aras","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Setvaji, N., and Sundari, S. (2024). Effect of Timing of Third Molar Extraction on the Rate of Mandibular En Masse Distalization Using Buccal Shelf Implants\u2014A Randomized Controlled Trial. South East. Eur. J. Public Health, 151\u2013159.","DOI":"10.70135\/seejph.vi.1656"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-025-00573-3","article-title":"The impact of extraction vs. non-extraction orthodontic treatment on the angulation of third molars on panoramic radiographs: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Kazanopoulos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"901","article-title":"Nonsurgical treatment of a surgically prepared skeletal class III patient using skeletal anchorage","volume":"55","author":"Shetty","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.2319\/091312-730.1","article-title":"Camouflage treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion with multiloop edgewise arch wire and modified Class III elastics by maxillary mini-implant anchorage","volume":"83","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"e65063","article-title":"Achieving Aesthetics and Function in Class III Malocclusion Through Orthodontic Camouflage: A Clinical Case Report","volume":"16","author":"Gilani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.24.5.052-059.oar","article-title":"Skeletal Class III malocclusion treatment using mandibular and maxillary skeletal anchorage and intermaxillary elastics: A case report","volume":"24","author":"Fakharian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. Press J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2019.11.022","article-title":"Evaluation of Stresses on Temporomandibular Joint in the Use of Class II and III Orthodontic Elastics: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Study","volume":"78","author":"Gurbanov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4274\/TurkJOrthod.2025.2024.153","article-title":"Impact of Camouflage Treatment with Class III Elastics on Temporomandibular Joint and Dentoskeletal Relationships: A Pilot CBCT and MRI-Based Clinical Trial","volume":"38","author":"Panpitakkul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Turk. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"101277","article-title":"Nickel titanium alloys as orthodontic archwires: A narrative review","volume":"36","author":"Uysal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoyanova-Ivanova, A., Petrov, V., Martins, J.N.R., Andreeva, L., and Georgiev, V. (2024). Multi-Force Bio-Active\u2122 Archwires and Various Contemporary NiTi Multi-Force Archwires: Properties and Characteristics\u2014A Review. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17112603"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Eliades, T., and Pandis, N. (2009). Self-Ligation in Orthodontics, Wiley-Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Ngan, P.W., Deguchi, T., and Roberts, E.W. (2014). Anterior Crossbite Treatment with a Self-Ligating Bracket System. Orthodontic Treatment of Class III Malocclusion, Bentham Books."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"670","article-title":"The Damon low-friction bracket: A biologically compatible straight-wire system","volume":"32","author":"Damon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.1998.1.1.52","article-title":"The rationale, evolution and clinical application of the self-ligating bracket","volume":"1","author":"Damon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Orthod. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, J., Li, M., Li, Y., Li, X., and Zhao, Z. (2016). Root resorption during orthodontic treatment with self-ligating or conventional brackets: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-016-0320-y"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1093\/ortho\/30.3.262","article-title":"Self-ligating brackets: Where are we now?","volume":"30","author":"Harradine","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.11.009","article-title":"Systematic review of self-ligating brackets","volume":"137","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-012-0116-x","article-title":"Systematic review on self-ligating vs. conventional brackets: Initial pain, number of visits, treatment time","volume":"74","author":"Schedlberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2021.09.005","article-title":"Is there any difference between conventional, passive and active self-ligating brackets? A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Maizeray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.20473\/j.djmkg.v53.i4.p191-195","article-title":"Orthodontic camouflage treatment using a passive self-ligating system in skeletal Class III malocclusion","volume":"53","author":"Monika","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.2319\/020714-97.1","article-title":"Differences in psychological traits between lingual and labial orthodontic patients: Perfectionism, body image, and the impact of dental esthetics","volume":"85","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Geron, S. (2011). How to control the vertical dimension in lingual orthodontics. Lingual and Esthetic Orthodontics, Publishing Q."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngoc, V.T.N., Phuong, N.T.T., and Anh, N.V. (2021). Skeletal Class III Malocclusion with Lateral Open Bite and Facial Asymmetry Treated with Asymmetric Lower Molar Extraction and Lingual Appliance: A Case Report. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105381"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjs040","article-title":"Stability of anterior open bite correction of adults treated with lingual appliances","volume":"35","author":"Geron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160X-10-4","article-title":"Analysis of the torque capacity of a completely customized lingual appliance of the next generation","volume":"10","author":"Bieber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"268","article-title":"Corticotomy-assisted orthodontic camouflage in a class III adult patient with a severe transverse discrepancy","volume":"16","author":"Gracco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2319\/061614-436.1","article-title":"Efficacy of clear aligners in controlling orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review","volume":"85","author":"Rossini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cju083","article-title":"Periodontal health during clear aligners treatment: A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Rossini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.2319\/020524-91.1","article-title":"Class III correction and enhanced periodontal health with aligner treatment in a 53-year-old patient","volume":"95","author":"Almagrami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"e48134","article-title":"Efficacy of Clear Aligners in Treating Class III Malocclusion With Mandibular Molar Distalization: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.jos_174_23","article-title":"Lower molar distalization using clear aligners: Is it effective? A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Martina","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Orthod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"7","article-title":"Aligners in Class III patients","volume":"3","author":"Malekian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Aligner Orthod."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Ant\u00f2, V., Valletta, R., De Simone, V., Pisano, M., and Martina, S. (2023). Clear Aligners Treatment of Class III Subdivision with an Extraction of a Lower Bicuspid. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043550"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12500","article-title":"Treatment of mild Class II malocclusion in growing patients with clear aligners versus fixed multibracket therapy: A retrospective study","volume":"25","author":"Dianiskova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.25259\/APOS_76_2023","article-title":"Clear aligners for Class III malocclusion and severe open bite camouflage: A case report","volume":"14","author":"Cremonini","year":"2023","journal-title":"APOS Trends Orthod."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2021.03.022","article-title":"A comparative assessment of the dentoskeletal effects of clear aligners vs miniplate-supported posterior intrusion with fixed appliances in adult patients with anterior open bite. A multicenter, retrospective cohort study","volume":"162","author":"Steele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xaor.2024.09.006","article-title":"Camouflage treatment of severe hyperdivergent Class III malocclusion with clear aligners","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"AJO-DO Clin. Companion"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pozzan, L., Bertolami, V., Gabbana, B., Morona, J., Zibar, T.B., Turco, G., Porrelli, D., and Contardo, L. (2025). Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Materials for Clear Orthodontic Aligners: A New Three-Dimensional Experimental Setting. Orthod. Craniofac. Res., early view.","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.70067"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2014.03.015","article-title":"Forces and moments generated by removable thermoplastic aligners: Incisor torque, premolar derotation, and molar distalization","volume":"145","author":"Simon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"216","article-title":"Nonsurgical Correction of Severe Skeletal Class III Malocclusion","volume":"50","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"517","article-title":"Nonsurgical correction of a severe Class III open-bite patient with long-face syndrome","volume":"56","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2319\/073120-669.1","article-title":"Evaluation of adolescent and adult patients treated with the Carriere Motion Class III appliance followed by fixed appliances","volume":"91","author":"McNamara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Sato, S., Akimoto, S., Matzumoto, A., Shirazu, A., and Yoshida, J. (2001). MEAW: Orthodontic Therapy Using Multiloop Edgewise Arch-Wire, Daiichi Shika Publications."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"8854588","article-title":"Management of the Vertical Dimension in the Camouflage Treatment of an Adult Skeletal Class III Malocclusion","volume":"2020","author":"Sevillano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Dent."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/14653125.2017.1353789","article-title":"Aesthetic and functional outcomes using a multiloop edgewise archwire for camouflage orthodontic treatment of a severe Class III open bite malocclusion","volume":"44","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-020-00247-x","article-title":"Multiloop edgewise archwire technique and denture frame analysis: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Tabancis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"5546633","article-title":"Correcting Class III Malocclusion Using Multiloop Edgewise Archwire (MEAW) Combines Temporary Anchorage Devices (TADs) With Modified Class III Elastics for Camouflage Treatment of in Adolescent: A Case Report","volume":"2024","author":"Le","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Rep. Dent."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2014.05.001","article-title":"Risks and complications of miniscrew anchorage in clinical orthodontics","volume":"50","author":"Kuroda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12429","article-title":"Orthodontic bone screws: A quick update and its promising future","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"8843959","article-title":"Distalization in Orthodontics: A Review and Case Series","volume":"2021","author":"Alogaibi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Rep. Dent."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inchingolo, A.M., Patano, A., Malcangi, G., Azzollini, D., Laudadio, C., Ciocia, A.M., Sardano, R., Ferrante, L., Campanelli, M., and Dipalma, G. (2023). Mandibular Molar Distalization in Class III Malocclusion: A Systematic Review. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13169337"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2021.51.4.250","article-title":"Mandibular skeletal posterior anatomic limit for molar distalization in patients with Class III malocclusion with different vertical facial patterns","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.25259\/APOS_79_2024","article-title":"Safe sites in the mandibular buccal shelf for orthodontic mini-screws: Tomographic study in different facial types","volume":"15","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"APOS Trends Orthod."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2016.03.019","article-title":"Distalization of the mandibular dentition with a ramal plate for skeletal Class III malocclusion correction","volume":"150","author":"Kook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12256","article-title":"Displacement of mandibular dentition during total arch distalization according to locations and types of TSADs: 3D Finite element analysis","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2007.01405.x","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of the failure rate of three different orthodontic skeletal anchorage systems","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2009.01754.x","article-title":"Survival and failure rates of orthodontic temporary anchorage devices: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Zwahlen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2010.12.002","article-title":"Application of Temporary Anchorage Devices for the Treatment of Adult Class III Malocclusions","volume":"17","author":"Kuroda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"602","article-title":"Group distal movement of teeth using microscrew implant anchorage","volume":"75","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"558","article-title":"Applications of mini-implants in orthodontics","volume":"7","author":"Kharadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"9","article-title":"Clinical applications of the Miniscrew Anchorage System","volume":"39","author":"Carano","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-020-00347-z","article-title":"The effect of sandblasting and acid etching on survival rate of orthodontic miniscrews: A split-mouth randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, G.-T., Jin, J., Mangal, U., Lee, K.-J., Kim, K.-M., Choi, S.-H., and Kwon, J.-S. (2020). Primary Stability of Orthodontic Titanium Miniscrews due to Cortical Bone Density and Re-Insertion. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13194433"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-017-0143-3","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of insertion torque and mechanical stability for self-tapping and self-drilling orthodontic miniscrews\u2014An in vitro study","volume":"13","author":"Tepedino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12453","article-title":"Cortical bone thickness and bone density effects on miniscrew success rates: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.23.6.048-055.oar","article-title":"The maxillary incisor display at rest: Analysis of the underlying components","volume":"23","author":"Jeelani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Press J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"142","article-title":"Bracket Positioning for Smile Arc Protection","volume":"51","author":"Pitts","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"466","article-title":"Surgical reconstruction of the interdental papilla","volume":"18","author":"Azzi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Periodontics Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"296","article-title":"Black triangle dilemma and its management in esthetic dentistry","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dent. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4103\/sidj.sidj_17_20","article-title":"Black gingival triangle in orthodontics: Its etiology, management and contemporary literature review","volume":"4","author":"Athar","year":"2020","journal-title":"St. Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"397","article-title":"Smile esthetics: Smile Arc Protection vs Traditional approach","volume":"4","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Sci. Innov. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(96)70160-9","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of apical root resorption and alveolar bone loss in orthodontically treated adults","volume":"109","author":"Lupi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-018-0159-8","article-title":"Prevalence of gingival recession after orthodontic treatment of infraversion and open bite","volume":"80","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1758068","article-title":"Comparison of Gingival Recession of Mandibular Incisors of Class III Patients Immediately after Compensatory or Surgical Orthodontic Treatment","volume":"17","author":"Saab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S1073-8746(96)80039-9","article-title":"Mucogingival considerations in orthodontic treatment","volume":"2","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalina, E., Grzebyta, A., and Zadurska, M. (2022). Bone Remodeling during Orthodontic Movement of Lower Incisors\u2014Narrative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192215002"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-015-0308-2","article-title":"Does the decision to extract influence the development of gingival recessions? A retrospective long-term evaluation","volume":"76","author":"Villard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.137651","article-title":"Relationship between orthodontic treatment and gingival health: A retrospective study","volume":"8","author":"Boke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2020.06.030","article-title":"Factors associated with the stability of compensatory orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusion in the permanent dentition","volume":"158","author":"Blagitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2000.104830","article-title":"Stability of anterior openbite correction with multiloop edgewise archwire therapy: A cephalometric follow-up study","volume":"118","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2015.03.034","article-title":"Class III malocclusion treated with distalization of the mandibular dentition with miniscrew anchorage: A 2-year follow-up","volume":"148","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"277","article-title":"Nonsurgical treatment of adult open bite using edgewise appliance combined with high-pull headgear and class III elastics","volume":"75","author":"Saito","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1590\/2176-9451.21.3.104-115.bbo","article-title":"Orthodontic retreatment using anchorage with miniplate to camouflage a Class III skeletal pattern","volume":"21","author":"Farret","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Press J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12475","article-title":"Retention and relapse in clinical practice","volume":"62","author":"Littlewood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-021-2954-7","article-title":"Orthodontic retention protocols: An evidence-based overview","volume":"230","author":"Littlewood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-016-0137-x","article-title":"The effects of fixed and removable orthodontic retainers: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Pandis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04490-1","article-title":"Post-treatment Stability in Orthodontic Retention with Twistflex Retainers-Do Patients Benefit from Additional Removable Retainers?","volume":"26","author":"Knaup","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjs015","article-title":"The association of tongue posture with the dentoalveolar maxillary and mandibular morphology in Class III malocclusion: A controlled study","volume":"35","author":"Primozic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1926","article-title":"Orofacial Myofunctional Therapy in Tongue Thrust Habit: A Narrative Review","volume":"14","author":"Bendgude","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"cjaf024","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjaf024","article-title":"Impact of myofunctional therapy on orthodontic management and orthognathic surgery outcomes: A scoping review","volume":"47","author":"Stefani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, J., Wu, J., Yu, W., Yu, J., Xiong, Q., Liu, D., Xiong, Z., Feng, J., and Xuan, D. (2024). Comparative evaluation of periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) versus traditional camouflage orthodontic treatment in adult patients with skeletal class III malocclusion. BMC Oral Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05263-w"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1179\/bjo.19.1.21","article-title":"Class III malocclusion: Surgery or orthodontics?","volume":"19","author":"Kerr","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210600802010038","article-title":"Treatment in Borderline Class III Malocclusion: Orthodontic Camouflage (Extraction) Versus Orthognathic Surgery","volume":"2","author":"Rabie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/10\/3680\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T17:43:07Z","timestamp":1778521387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/10\/3680"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"references-count":157,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15103680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15103680","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]}}}