{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:50:09Z","timestamp":1791849009497,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Increased functional capacity is associated with healthy gut microbiota composition and improved heart failure (HF) prognosis. Although cardiac rehabilitation (CR) improves functional capacity in HF patients, the association between CR and gut microbiota in HF patients is not well-studied. We explored the relationships between functional capacity and changes in gut microbiota composition in 41 patients with HF participating in CR, using data from a previous repeated measures clinical trial. Methods: Functional capacity was evaluated using the six-minute walk distance (6MWD), and the gut microbiota composition was analyzed from fecal samples using 16S rRNA sequencing before CR and again after three months of participation. Results: Higher baseline functional capacity (6MWD \u2265 360 m) corresponded with significant shifts in Bacteroidetes abundance after CR. A clinically meaningful improvement in functional capacity (change in 6MWD \u2265 95 m) was associated with increased \u03b1-diversity (p = 0.04, statistic = 6.42), increased abundance of Lachnospiraceae UCG 004, Lawsonella, and Ruminococcus gnavus group, and a lower abundance of Microbacterium. Conclusions: These data suggest that cardiac rehabilitation may be associated with differences in gut microbiota composition in HF patients, alongside its association with functional capacity. Additional research is needed to better understand how gut microbial patterns relate to functional capacity in individuals with HF participating in CR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15103729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T16:04:36Z","timestamp":1778601876000},"page":"3729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Functional Capacity and Gut Microbiota Shifts in Heart Failure Patients Following Cardiac Rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6094-3922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver Boamah","family":"Duah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanner Health School of Nursing, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA 30117, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5056-4777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lufei","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"de La Serre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8384-0464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haidong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Prevention Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7432-9018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Data Science and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.12968\/pnur.2015.26.4.168","article-title":"Rehabilitation for patients with heart failure","volume":"26","author":"Conway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pract. 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