{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:56:18Z","timestamp":1785412578477,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universita\u2019 degli Studi di Sassari"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01bnjbv91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Breast augmentation is traditionally performed under general anesthesia, but tumescent local anesthesia (TLA) offers advantages in terms of rapid recovery and reduced risks. This study presents the largest European series on the use of TLA for breast augmentation, analyzing the cumulative results of 16 years of experience. Methods: A multicenter retrospective analysis was conducted on 1644 consecutive patients (982 subglandular and 662 subpectoral) between 2008 and 2024. All procedures were performed under TLA with conscious sedation without the use of general anesthesia. The tumescent solution consisted of 25 mL of 2% lidocaine, 8 mEq of sodium bicarbonate, and 1 mL of epinephrine (1 mg\/1 mL) in 1000 mL of 0.9% saline solution. Infiltration protocols differed between groups: the subglandular approach utilized a single-plane technique (mean 589 mL per breast), whereas the subpectoral approach required a two-stage process (pre-fascial and retromuscular) with a higher mean volume (770 mL per breast). Intraoperative parameters, complication rates, and patient-reported outcomes (BREAST-Q) were analyzed. Statistical comparisons between the two surgical planes were performed using Independent Samples T-tests. Results: The procedure was successfully completed under TLA in 100% of cases, with no conversions to GA. The subpectoral approach was associated with significantly higher mean operating times (141 \u00b1 11.2 min vs. 90.3 \u00b1 11 min; p &lt; 0.001) and TLA solution volumes (770 \u00b1 16.1 mL vs. 589 \u00b1 53.6 mL; p &lt; 0.001). The overall major complication rate was 4.74%, with a significantly higher incidence of hematoma in the subpectoral group compared to the subglandular group (3.51% vs. 1.83%; p = 0.015). Regarding severe capsular contracture (Baker III\u2013IV), although a slightly higher incidence was observed in the subpectoral cohort compared to the subglandular group (2.11% vs. 1.22%), this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.155). Patient satisfaction via Breast-Q was high, with dissatisfaction exclusively linked to implant dislocation. Conclusions: This 16-year cumulative analysis validates TLA as a safe, effective, and reproducible alternative to general anesthesia for both subglandular and subpectoral breast augmentation. While the subpectoral plane entails longer surgical times and a slightly higher risk of minor complications, the TLA protocol ensures excellent pharmacological safety and rapid functional recovery, supporting its use in modern outpatient surgical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15103735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T16:26:37Z","timestamp":1778689597000},"page":"3735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Augmentation Mammoplasty Under Tumescent Local Anesthesia: A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis of 1644 Consecutive Cases\u2014Safety and Efficacy in Subglandular and Submuscular Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Emilio","family":"Trignano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Surgery Unit, University Hospital Trust of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Private Practice, Centro Medico Chirurgico Trignano, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Vacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Surgery Unit, University Hospital Trust of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4808-7474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Ziani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Surgery Unit, University Hospital Trust of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3940-4285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Arrica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Surgery Unit, University Hospital Trust of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4265-7575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"De Riso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Surgery Unit, University Hospital Trust of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Rusciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Skinlaser Center, 00196 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Manconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Surgery Unit, University Hospital Trust of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Trignano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2410-6083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corrado","family":"Rubino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Surgery Unit, University Hospital Trust of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-018-1181-3","article-title":"Sub-muscular Breast Augmentation Using Tumescent Local Anesthesia","volume":"43","author":"Bolletta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. 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