{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:08:40Z","timestamp":1789729720753,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper intends to go through the medical history of a new syndrome, beginning from its incidental observation to the nowadays ongoing reports quickly approaching 7000 published papers. This large number makes it difficult for the researcher to correctly quote the previous significant published data, and the usual strategy is to copy and paste the last articles references. This review is mainly detailed historical research of the step-by-step journey mainly of the first three decades, with less attention to the ongoing and late scientific controversies that are indeed quoted. The new syndrome was early named \u201cprecordial early repolarization (PER) syndrome\u201d but became popular after being renamed \u201cBrugada syndrome\u201d (BS). Nowadays it is classified as one of the \u201cJ wave syndromes\u201d (JWSs). The main characteristic of this new entity was an unusual astonishing precordial coved ST segment elevation that gave rise since its first descriptions to two different pathophysiological theories, one organic and the second functional. The first theory ascribed the ST elevation to an unusual pattern of depolarization at the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), while the second favored an abnormal dynamic repolarization pattern. Both phenomena were sometimes linked to an ion channel genetic abnormality. In the following decades, many eminent scientists and also some excellent humble cardiologists made significant observations regarding epidemiology, laboratory, diagnostic techniques, genetic, clinical findings, histology, embryology, therapeutic approaches, and risk stratification. This rush \u201cto be the first who\u201d has created more confusion than certainty, and only in this last decade a more scientific and less emotional approach has led to a common acceptance of an underlying organic background that causes a strange conduction delay mainly at the epicardial level of the RVOT. \u201cNext generation\u201d cardiologists are in charge of further elucidating the genetic, the structural, and electrical pathophysiology, and the correct risk stratification needed to correctly identify the true patients who need a therapy and avoid unusual and dangerous treatments to healthy people with a benign strange ECG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15103903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T08:55:28Z","timestamp":1779180928000},"page":"3903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The History of the Precordial Early Repolarization and Sudden Death Syndrome, Lately Named Brugada Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1935-0484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bortolo","family":"Martini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Unit, Alto Vicentino Hospital, via Garziere 42, 36014 Santorso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"118","article-title":"La ripolarizzazione precoce nelle precordiali destre. Correlazioni ECG-VCG-elettrofisiologia","volume":"18","author":"Nava","year":"1988","journal-title":"G. Ital. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"136","article-title":"Fibrillazione ventricolare in apparente assenza di cardiopatia. Descrizione di sei casi","volume":"18","author":"Martini","year":"1988","journal-title":"G. Ital. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"157","article-title":"La repolarisation precoce dans le precordiales droites: Trouble de la conduction intraventriculaire droite? Correlations de l\u2019electrocardiographie- vectorcardiographie avec l\u2019electro-physiologie","volume":"17","author":"Nava","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mises J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(89)90011-2","article-title":"Ventricular fibrillation without apparent heart disease: Description of six cases","volume":"118","author":"Martini","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"80","article-title":"Clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation","volume":"22","author":"Aihara","year":"1990","journal-title":"Shinzo"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"746","article-title":"Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation with normal QT interval and sudden cardiac death","volume":"14","author":"Brugada","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(92)90253-J","article-title":"Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: A distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report","volume":"20","author":"Brugada","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy257","article-title":"Andrea Nava MD","volume":"39","author":"Martini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Martini, B. (2026, March 26). Nava-Martini-Thiene Sindrome. Available online: https:\/\/digilander.libero.it\/martini_syndrome\/slide.htm."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"49","article-title":"Clues of an underlying organic substrate in the Brugada Syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Martini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Cardiol. Mex."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.65.2.384","article-title":"Right ventricular dysplasia: A report of 24 adult cases","volume":"65","author":"Marcus","year":"1982","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198801213180301","article-title":"Right ventricular cardiomyopathy and sudden death in young people","volume":"318","author":"Thiene","year":"1988","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059524","article-title":"Contribution of cross-sectional echocardiography to the diagnosis of right ventricular dysplasia at the asymptomatic stage","volume":"10","author":"Scognamiglio","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2010.06.025","article-title":"A long-lasting electrocardiographic history","volume":"7","author":"Martini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eur395","article-title":"Do patients with electrocardiographic Brugada type 1 pattern have associated right bundle branch block? A comparative vectorcardiographic study","volume":"14","author":"Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"276","article-title":"El electrocardiograma y el vectorcardiograma en la dysplasia arritmog\u00e9nica del ventriculo derecho","volume":"15","author":"Nava","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev. Lat. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01887-9","article-title":"Late potentials and the Brugada syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Antzelevitch","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.5.710","article-title":"Right bundle branch block, right precordial st-segment elevation, and sudden death in young people","volume":"103","author":"Corrado","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martini, B., Corrado, D., Nava, A., and Thiene, G. (1997). Syndrome of Right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation and sudden death: Evidence of an organic substrate. Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(95)00485-8"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(95)00485-8","article-title":"Familial cardiomyopathy underlies syndrome of right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation and sudden death","volume":"27","author":"Corrado","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Martini, B., Wu, J., and Nava, A. (2013). A rare lethal syndrome in search of its identity: Sudden death, right bundle branch block and ST segment elevation. Sudden Death: Causes, Risk Factors and Prevention, Nova Science Publisher."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-195322650-00011","article-title":"Electrocardiographic pattern simulating acute myocardial injury","volume":"226","author":"Osher","year":"1953","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2010.09.002","article-title":"Early Repolarization Disease","volume":"2","author":"Shah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Card. Electrophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1953.175.3.389","article-title":"Experimental hypothermia: Respiratory and blood pH changes in relation to cardiac function","volume":"175","author":"Osborn","year":"1953","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"525","article-title":"Changements electrocardiographiques observes chez un homme mort de froid","volume":"31","author":"Tomaszewski","year":"1938","journal-title":"Arch. Mal. Coeur Vaiss."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(54)90022-8","article-title":"Elevation of the RS-T segment, apparent or real, in the right precordial leads as a probable normal variant","volume":"48","author":"Edeiken","year":"1954","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"955","article-title":"The triad secondary R waves, RS-T segment elevation and t waves inversion in right precordial leads: A normal electrocardiographic variant","volume":"5","author":"Calo","year":"1975","journal-title":"G. Ital. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2026, March 26). Brugada Phobia at the Sudden Cardiac Death Conference. Available online: https:\/\/brugadasyndro.me\/en\/brugada-phobia-at-the-sudden-cardiac-death-conference\/."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berne, P., Usai, F., Silva, E., Melis, I., Fancello, T., Onida, A., Merella, P., Figus, F., Brugada, J., and Casu, G. (2024). Diagnosis of Brugada syndrome affects quality of life and psychological status. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1429814"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000046046.53721.90","article-title":"Brugada syndrome: A decade of progress","volume":"91","author":"Antzelevitch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(89)90235-0","article-title":"Ventricular fibrillation in six adults without overt heart disease","volume":"13","author":"Lemery","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1211","article-title":"Recurrent ventricular fibrillation, right bundle-branch block and persistent ST segment elevation in V1\u2013V3: A new arrhythmia syndrome? A clinical case report","volume":"23","author":"Proclemer","year":"1993","journal-title":"G. Ital. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1219","article-title":"Malignant ventricular arrhythmias in patients with a right bundle-branch block and persistent ST segment elevation in V1\u2013V3: A probable arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy of the right ventricle","volume":"23","author":"Naccarella","year":"1993","journal-title":"G. Ital. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"797","article-title":"Let us do not get confused, please!","volume":"24","author":"Brugada","year":"1994","journal-title":"G. Ital. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"798","article-title":"From the clinical point of view a word of caution please","volume":"24","author":"Naccarella","year":"1994","journal-title":"G. Ital. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"140","article-title":"A 59-year-old male case with a Brugada syndrome like ECG","volume":"71","author":"Hakuai","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rinsho Kenkyu"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(96)83113-5","article-title":"Familial cardiomyopathy associated with right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation and sudden death","volume":"28","author":"Fontaine","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1323","article-title":"Right precordial leads and sudden death. Relation with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia","volume":"89","author":"Fontaine","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Mal. Coeur Vaiss."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1997.tb00797.x","article-title":"Is the Brugada syndrome a distinct clinical entity?","volume":"8","author":"Scheinman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.35.595","article-title":"Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation of the Brugada type: An atypical form of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy?","volume":"35","author":"Ohe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.10.020","article-title":"A Tale of 2 Diseases: The History of Long-QT Syndrome and Brugada Syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Havakuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Wilde, A.A. (2026, March 26). Brugada Syndrome: A Cardiomyopathy or a Channelopathy. Available online: https:\/\/youtu.be\/o71FfCZrrhM."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01472-3","article-title":"Brugada syndrome: Manifest, concealed, \u2018asymptomatic,\u2019 suspected and simulated","volume":"38","author":"Surawicz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2026, March 26). Wikipedia. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_examples_of_Stigler%27s_law."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.06.007","article-title":"An ECG that changed paradigms about sudden death","volume":"21","author":"Brugada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.08.020","article-title":"An ECG that changed life to the Brugada Brothers, but also to somebody else","volume":"22","author":"Martini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"665","article-title":"J-Wave syndromes expert consensus conference report: Emerging concepts and gaps in knowledge","volume":"19","author":"Antzelevitch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1171","article-title":"Right bundle branch block, persistent ST-segment elevation in V1\u2013V3 and sudden cardiac death: Always a distinct syndrome?","volume":"25","author":"Cuomo","year":"1995","journal-title":"G. Ital. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.34.661","article-title":"A case of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation with incomplete right bundle branch block and persistent ST segment elevation","volume":"34","author":"Sumiyoshi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Jpn. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.60.364","article-title":"Sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in a patient with Brugada syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Shimada","year":"1996","journal-title":"Jpn. Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0b013e3282f72ff5","article-title":"Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in \u2018Brugada syndrome\u2019: Clinical case and literature review","volume":"9","author":"Allocca","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2009.44","article-title":"Sodium channel mutations and arrhythmias","volume":"6","author":"Ruan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2001.00680.x","article-title":"Brugada syndrome and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias: A novel association?","volume":"12","author":"Eckardt","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0b013e3280112b21","article-title":"Prevalence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in Brugada syndrome: A case series and a review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Letsas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"364","article-title":"The significance of autonomic nervous tone with idiopathic VF in pts with RBBB and ST elevation by ECG","volume":"27","author":"Nakazawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.5105\/jse.15.223","article-title":"A survey in the incidence of right bundle brunch block with ST segment elevation among normal population","volume":"15","author":"Tohyou","year":"1995","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(00)00835-3","article-title":"Prevalence of the brugada syndrome in an apparently healthy population","volume":"86","author":"Hermida","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.11.113","article-title":"Prevalence of spontaneous Brugada ECG pattern recorded at standard intercostal leads: A meta-analysis","volume":"254","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.04.017","article-title":"Everybody has Brugada syndrome until proven otherwise?","volume":"12","author":"Viskin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1999.1922","article-title":"The Brugada syndrome: Do we need more than the 12-lead ECG?","volume":"21","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000034169.45752.4A","article-title":"Proposed diagnostic criteria for the Brugada syndrome: Consensus report","volume":"106","author":"Wilde","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e122","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000071207.67541.01","article-title":"The Brugada numbers","volume":"107","author":"Littmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005222","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.117.005222","article-title":"Age of First Arrhythmic Event in Brugada Syndrome: Data from the SABRUS (Survey on Arrhythmic Events in Brugada Syndrome) in 678 Patients","volume":"10","author":"Milman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eum053","article-title":"Homozygous SCN5A mutation in Brugada syndrome with monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and structural heart abnormalities","volume":"9","author":"Frigo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrcr.2016.08.013","article-title":"Who is the guilty among these two silent killers?","volume":"3","author":"Martini","year":"2017","journal-title":"HeartRhythm Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eus002","article-title":"Low disease prevalence and inappropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator shock rate in Brugada syndrome: A nationwide study","volume":"14","author":"Holst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(96)00505-X","article-title":"What to do in patients with no structural heart disease and sudden arrhythmic death?","volume":"78","author":"Brugada","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.07.020","article-title":"Rebuttal to EP testing does not predict cardiac events in patients with Brugada syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Brugada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.07.019","article-title":"Rebuttal to EP testing predicts cardiac events in patients with Brugada syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Wilde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2021.01.013","article-title":"The top 10 reasons to avoid electrophysiology studies in Brugada syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Viskin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.8.2595","article-title":"Arrhythmogenic marker for the sudden unexplained death syndrome in Thai men","volume":"96","author":"Nademanee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(95)00613-3","article-title":"Autonomic and antiarrhythmic drug modulation of ST segment elevation in patients with Brugada syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Miyazaki","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"599","article-title":"Ajmaline unmasks right bundle branch block-like and ST segment elevation in V1\u2013V3 in patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation","volume":"19","author":"Brugada","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"45","article-title":"Use of intravenous antiarrhythmics to identify concealed Brugada syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Brugada","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Control. Trials Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.05.016","article-title":"Read My Lips: A Positive Ajmaline Test Does Not Always Mean You Have Brugada Syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Viskin","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.069138","article-title":"Diagnosis of Brugada Syndrome with a Sodium-Channel-Blocker Test: Who Should Be Tested? Who Should Not?","volume":"150","author":"Viskin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067223","article-title":"Type 1 Brugada Pattern May Be Provoked by Ajmaline in Some Healthy Subjects: Results from a Clinical Trial","volume":"149","author":"Ensam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2013.09.060","article-title":"Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias during ajmaline challenge in patients with Brugada syndrome: Incidence, clinical features, and prognosis","volume":"10","author":"Conte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euz139","article-title":"Unusual response to ajmaline test in Brugada syndrome patient leads to extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support","volume":"21","author":"Ciconte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.003220","article-title":"Brugada Syndrome Phenotype Elimination by Epicardial Substrate Ablation","volume":"8","author":"Brugada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032624","article-title":"Radiofrequency Ablation of Asymptomatic Brugada Syndrome: Don\u2019t Go Burning My Heart","volume":"137","author":"Viskin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-10-0747","article-title":"Is this a philosophic issue? Do patients with drug-induced Brugada type ECG have poor prognosis? (Pro)","volume":"74","author":"Shimizu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.04.044","article-title":"Long-term prognosis of drug-induced Brugada syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Sieira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-10-0878","article-title":"Low risk for arrhythmic events in asymptomatic patients with drug-induced type 1 ECG. Do patients with drug-induced Brugada type ECG have poor prognosis? (Con)","volume":"74","author":"Nishizaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa1100","article-title":"Risk stratification in Brugada syndrome: The challenge of the grey zone","volume":"42","author":"Delise","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(96)00727-8","article-title":"Abnormal ventricular repolarization mimicking myocardial infarction after heterocyclic antidepressant overdose","volume":"79","author":"Bolognesi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.07.002","article-title":"Drugs and Brugada syndrome patients: Review of the literature, recommendations, and an up-to-date website (www.brugadadrugs.org)","volume":"6","author":"Postema","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"(2026, March 26). Drugs to Be Avoided by Brugada Syndrome Patients. Available online: https:\/\/www.brugadadrugs.org\/avoid\/."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.03.016","article-title":"Drug-induced Brugada syndrome: Clinical characteristics and risk factors","volume":"13","author":"Konigstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.2.372","article-title":"Cellular basis for the electrocardiographic J wave","volume":"93","author":"Yan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.15.1660","article-title":"Cellular basis for the Brugada syndrome and other mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis associated with ST-segment elevation","volume":"100","author":"Yan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/32675","article-title":"Genetic basis and molecular mechanism for idiopathic ventricular fibrillation","volume":"392","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012374","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.123.012374","article-title":"Genetic Testing in Brugada Syndrome: A 30-Year Experience","volume":"17","author":"Pannone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2021-320015","article-title":"Cardiogenetics: The role of genetic testing for inherited arrhythmia syndromes and sudden death","volume":"109","author":"Specterman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euac030","article-title":"European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)\/Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)\/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS)\/Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS) Expert Consensus Statement on the state of genetic testing for cardiac diseases","volume":"24","author":"Wilde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-112921-011200","article-title":"The Genetics of Brugada Syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Cerrone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003222","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.120.003222","article-title":"Genotype-Phenotype Correlation of SCN5A Genotype in Patients with Brugada Syndrome and Arrhythmic Events: Insights from the SABRUS in 392 Probands","volume":"14","author":"Milman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Genom. Precis. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.01.048","article-title":"Characterization and Management of Arrhythmic Events in Young Patients with Brugada Syndrome","volume":"73","author":"Michowitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.109.921940","article-title":"Nature\u2019s genetic gradients and the clinical phenotype","volume":"2","author":"Marian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Genet."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.5.457","article-title":"Right bundle-branch block and ST-segment elevation in leads V1 through V3: A marker for sudden death in patients without demonstrable structural heart disease","volume":"97","author":"Brugada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(96)00360-8","article-title":"Characteristics of patients with right bundle branch block and ST-segment elevation in right precordial leads","volume":"78","author":"Atarashi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.5.666","article-title":"\u2018Brugada\u2019 syndrome: Clinical data and suggested pathophysiological mechanism","volume":"99","author":"Alings","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064689","article-title":"Asymptomatic Patients with Brugada ECG Pattern: Long-Term Prognosis from a Large Prospective Study","volume":"148","author":"Gaita","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1999.tb00183.x","article-title":"Effects of electrophysiologic-guided therapy with Class IA antiarrhythmic drugs on the long-term outcome of patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation with or without the Brugada syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Belhassen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"157","article-title":"La sindrome \u201cMorte improvvisa giovanile, blocco di branca destra e sopraslivellamento del tratto ST\u201d","volume":"2","author":"Martini","year":"1999","journal-title":"G. Ital. Aritmologia Cardiostimolazione"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00528-2","article-title":"The Brugada syndrome: Clinical, electrophysiologic and genetic aspects","volume":"33","author":"Gussak","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-474X.2012.00525.x","article-title":"Brugada phenocopy: New terminology and proposed classification","volume":"17","author":"Baranchuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1054\/jelc.2000.18106","article-title":"Early repolarization syndrome: Clinical characteristics and possible cellular and ionic mechanisms","volume":"33","author":"Gussak","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa071968","article-title":"Sudden cardiac arrest associated with early repolarization","volume":"358","author":"Derval","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2018.10.040","article-title":"Depolarization versus repolarization abnormality underlying inferolateral J-wave syndromes: New concepts in sudden cardiac death with apparently normal hearts","volume":"16","author":"Nademanee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp473","article-title":"Recommendations for interpretation of 12-lead electrocardiogram in the athlete","volume":"31","author":"Corrado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2012.06.004","article-title":"Current electrocardiographic criteria for diagnosis of Brugada pattern: A consensus report","volume":"45","author":"Brugada","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.12388","article-title":"Brugada ECG pattern obscured by right bundle branch block: How to resolve the enigma?","volume":"37","author":"Baranchuk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12241","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of rSr\u2019 pattern in leads V1\u2013V2. Comprehensive review and proposed algorithm","volume":"20","author":"Baranchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2022.03.008","article-title":"Contribution of the vectorcardiogram in the differential diagnosis of Brugada electrocardiographic pattern","volume":"72","author":"Madaloso","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.064","article-title":"Risk stratification in Brugada syndrome: Results of the PRELUDE (PRogrammed ELectrical stimUlation preDictive valuE) registry","volume":"59","author":"Priori","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.01.024","article-title":"A New Electrocardiographic Marker of Sudden Death in Brugada Syndrome: The S-Wave in Lead I","volume":"67","author":"Giustetto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euy144","article-title":"First-degree atrioventricular block on basal electrocardiogram predicts future arrhythmic events in patients with Brugada syndrome: A long-term follow-up study from the Veneto region of Northeastern Italy","volume":"21","author":"Migliore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eur319","article-title":"Use of implantable loop recorders in patients with Brugada syndrome and suspected risk of ventricular arrhythmia","volume":"14","author":"Kubala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, M., Putra, I.C.S., Pranata, R., Budiarso, M.N., Pramudyo, M., Goenawan, H., Akbar, M.R., and Kartasasmita, A.S. (2022). Electrocardiographic Markers Indicating Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Conduction Delay as a Predictor of Major Arrhythmic Events in Patients with Brugada Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.931622"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v6.i3.81","article-title":"Brugada phenocopy: A new electrocardiogram phenomenon","volume":"6","author":"Anselm","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.06.022","article-title":"Brugada syndrome is not an ECG","volume":"13","author":"Martini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2000.tb00334.x","article-title":"Body surface distribution and response to drugs of ST segment elevation in Brugada syndrome: Clinical implication of eighty-seven-lead body surface potential mapping and its application to twelve-lead electrocardiograms","volume":"11","author":"Shimizu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.2001.2691","article-title":"New electrocardiographic leads and the procainamide test for the detection of the Brugada sign in sudden unexplained death syndrome survivors and their relatives","volume":"22","author":"Sangwatanaroj","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.68.135","article-title":"Evaluation of the usefulness of recording the ECG in the 3rd intercostal space and prevalence of Brugada-type ECG in accordance with recently established electrocardiographic criteria","volume":"68","author":"Hisamatsu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.69.1064","article-title":"Prevalence of the Brugada-type ECG recorded from higher intercostal spaces in healthy Korean males","volume":"69","author":"Shin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-474X.2012.00499.x","article-title":"Specificity of elevated intercostal space ECG recording for the type 1 Brugada ECG pattern","volume":"17","author":"Holst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eus211","article-title":"Prevalence of Brugada-type electrocardiogram pattern by recording right precordial leads at higher intercostal spaces","volume":"15","author":"Hunuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2013.08.014","article-title":"Brugada-type patterns are easily observed in high precordial lead ECGs in collegiate athletes","volume":"47","author":"Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2010.201244","article-title":"Utility of high and standard right precordial leads during ajmaline testing for the diagnosis of Brugada syndrome","volume":"96","author":"Govindan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac262","article-title":"2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death","volume":"43","author":"Zeppenfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv316","article-title":"2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC)","volume":"36","author":"Priori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"755","article-title":"Recurrent ventricular fibrillation during a febrile illness in a patient with the Brugada syndrome","volume":"53","author":"Moro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.85.9.803","article-title":"Ionic mechanisms responsible for the electrocardiographic phenotype of the Brugada syndrome are temperature dependent","volume":"85","author":"Dumaine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"140","article-title":"Brugada Syndrome unmasked by fever. Is there always a need for implantable cardiac defibrillator placementt?","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.746495","article-title":"Induced Brugada-type electrocardiogram, a sign for imminent malignant arrhythmias","volume":"117","author":"Junttila","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2013.07.030","article-title":"Fever-induced Brugada pattern: How common is it and what does it mean?","volume":"10","author":"Adler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12723","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12723","article-title":"Arrhythmic events in Brugada syndrome patients induced by fever","volume":"25","author":"Roterberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2018.04.007","article-title":"Fever-related arrhythmic events in the multicenter Survey on Arrhythmic Events in Brugada Syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Michowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-3-200808050-00020","article-title":"Fever increases the risk for cardiac arrest in the Brugada syndrome","volume":"149","author":"Amin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zagidullin, N.S., Motloch, L.J., Musin, T.I., Bagmanova, Z.A., Lakman, I.A., Tyurin, A.V., Gumerov, R.M., Enikeev, D., Cai, B., and Gareeva, D.F. (2021). J-waves in acute COVID-19: A novel disease characteristic and predictor of mortality?. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3839937"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287","article-title":"Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: An American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention","volume":"3","author":"Maron","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2006.09.004","article-title":"Why the Brugada syndrome is not yet a disease: Syndromes, diseases, and genetic causality","volume":"72","author":"Coronel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"453","article-title":"Reclasificar algunas canalopat\u00edas: Cambios tras una larga espera","volume":"13","author":"Cardentey","year":"2021","journal-title":"CorSalud"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boukens, B.J., Potse, M., and Coronel, R. (2021). Fibrosis and Conduction Abnormalities as Basis for Overlap of Brugada Syndrome and Early Repolarization Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041570"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.14650","article-title":"Delayed depolarization and histologic abnormalities underlie the Brugada syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Martini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.40.753","article-title":"A histopathological study on the conduction system of the so-called \u2018Pokkuri disease\u2019 (sudden unexpected cardiac death of unknown origin in Japan)","volume":"40","author":"Gotoh","year":"1976","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03380190070027","article-title":"The cardiac pathology of sudden, unexplained nocturnal death in Southeast Asian refugees","volume":"256","author":"Kirschner","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.532614","article-title":"Right ventricular fibrosis and conduction delay in a patient with clinical signs of Brugada syndrome: A combined electrophysiological, genetic, histopathologic, and computational study","volume":"112","author":"Coronel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontaine, G.H. (2010). La Mort Subite du Jeune et de L\u2019athl\u00e8te, SFEM Editions.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1261-694X(10)70074-2"},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"867","article-title":"Chronic Auriculo-Ventricular Block. Anatomical, Clinical and Histological Study","volume":"56","author":"Lenegre","year":"1963","journal-title":"Arch. Mal. Coeur Vaiss."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/12618","article-title":"Cardiac conduction defects associate with mutations in SCN5A","volume":"23","author":"Schott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.9.4.537","article-title":"Cardiac sodium channels and inherited electrophysiologic disorders: A pharmacogenetic overview","volume":"9","author":"Smits","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01962-9","article-title":"Genotype-phenotype relationship in Brugada syndrome: Electrocardiographic features differentiate SCN5A-related patients from non-SCN5A-related patients","volume":"40","author":"Smits","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000088781.99943.95","article-title":"Mapping and ablation of ventricular fibrillation associated with long-QT and Brugada syndromes","volume":"108","author":"Extramiana","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2011.02054.x","article-title":"Regional substrate ablation abolishes Brugada syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"PW105","article-title":"Results of right ventricular endocardial mapping in patients with Brugada Syndrome: Not always an electrical disease in normal hearts","volume":"50","author":"Sciarra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.972612","article-title":"Prevention of ventricular fibrillation episodes in Brugada syndrome by catheter ablation over the anterior right ventricular outflow tract epicardium","volume":"123","author":"Nademanee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01888-0","article-title":"Epicardial electrogram of the right ventricular outflow tract in patients with the Brugada syndrome: Using the epicardial lead","volume":"39","author":"Nagase","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.003366","article-title":"ST-Segment Elevation and Fractionated Electrograms in Brugada Syndrome Patients Arise from the Same Structurally Abnormal Subepicardial RVOT Area but Have a Different Mechanism","volume":"8","author":"Coronel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.10.026","article-title":"Abnormal expression of cardiac neural crest cells in heart development: A different hypothesis for the etiopathogenesis of Brugada syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Elizari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.41.6.899","article-title":"Total excitation of the isolated human heart","volume":"41","author":"Durrer","year":"1970","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5273(90)90162-X","article-title":"Monomorphic repetitive rhythms originating from the outflow tract in patients with minor forms of right ventricular cardiomyopathy","volume":"27","author":"Martini","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.188698","article-title":"Developmental basis for electrophysiological heterogeneity in the ventricular and outflow tract myocardium as a substrate for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias","volume":"104","author":"Boukens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003631","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.003631","article-title":"Relationship Between Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy and Brugada Syndrome: New Insights from Molecular Biology and Clinical Implications","volume":"9","author":"Corrado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2008.11.030","article-title":"Empiric quinidine therapy for asymptomatic Brugada syndrome: Time for a prospective registry","volume":"6","author":"Viskin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.003576","article-title":"Quinidine in Brugada Syndrome: Still a Long Way to Go\u2026","volume":"8","author":"Probst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"euad180","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euad180","article-title":"From gene-discovery to gene-tailored clinical management: 25 years of research in channelopathies and cardiomyopathies","volume":"25","author":"Crotti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2018.02.010","article-title":"The Shanghai Score System in Brugada Syndrome: Using it Beyond a Diagnostic Score","volume":"4","author":"Wilde","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.066697","article-title":"Risk Stratification in Brugada Syndrome: How Low Can We Go?","volume":"148","author":"Wilde","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.2001.2732","article-title":"Brugada by any other name?","volume":"22","author":"Martini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/10\/3903\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T09:26:54Z","timestamp":1779182814000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/10\/3903"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":171,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15103903"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15103903","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]}}}