{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:06:14Z","timestamp":1779890774719,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Endometriosis is a chronic condition affecting women of reproductive age. Its symptoms have a negative impact on the quality of life and fertility of many women in the population. The aim of this literature review was to examine the use of phototherapy, heating and acupuncture in the treatment of endometriosis. Methods: A structured review of the available literature using the PubMed, Embase and Scopus databases, including studies from the last 10 years and with full free access, was applied. The literature search was conducted using the keywords: \u201cendometriosis\u201d, \u201cphototherapy\u201d, \u201cheating\u201d and \u201cacupuncture\u201d. Results: Phototherapy, including photothermal (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), demonstrated promising results in preclinical animal models, suggesting a potential for reducing endometrial lesions, primarily through mechanisms involving apoptosis, necrosis, and oxidative stress. However, most studies were limited to animal models. Thermal interventions, including magnetic hyperthermia and perioperative heating strategies, were associated with pain reduction, although improper use may lead to adverse effects such as erythema. Acupuncture showed effectiveness in reducing pain and improving quality of life, although its effects may be temporary and supported mainly by small-scale studies and case reports. Conclusions: Studies available in the literature demonstrate the effectiveness of the phototherapy effect, utilizing the mechanism of apoptosis or necrosis, in eliminating endometrial tissue and reducing pain. Acupuncture, derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine, also reduces pain. Non-pharmacological interventions may provide supportive benefits in the management of endometriosis, particularly in pain reduction and lesion control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15114136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T12:31:56Z","timestamp":1779885116000},"page":"4136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emerging Non-Pharmacological Approaches in Endometriosis: Mechanistic Insights into Phototherapy, Hyperthermia, and Acupuncture\u2014Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3449-8705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iga","family":"Szukalska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology and Nutritional Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7729-0670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Zi\u0119tek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pharmacology and Pharmacoeconomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6401-627X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"Zagrodnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care of Adults and Children, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9808-0624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Szczuko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology and Nutritional Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abulughod, N., Valakas, S., and El-Assaad, F. 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