{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:00:05Z","timestamp":1780635605358,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This report is an assessment of the characteristics associated with cardiovascular dysautonomia (CVD) in the context of long Coronavirus disease (COVID), which is currently inadequately characterized. Material and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed involving 106 patients with long COVID, including 34 individuals diagnosed with CVD, among whom eight met the criteria for Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (PoTS). The variables assessed encompassed individual characteristics (e.g., age, sex, comorbidities), immunization parameters (e.g., vaccination\/viral status, timing, frequency), cellular and humoral anti-Spike and anti-Nucleocapsid (Nuc) immune responses, inflammatory and allergic biomarkers, as well as an extensive panel of common autoantibodies comprising anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-central nervous system antibodies (cerebellum, brain), and anti-peripheral nervous system antibodies (gangliosides). Results: An age &lt; 45 years, body mass index, hyperventilation syndrome as well as a higher cumulative number of antigenic contacts (vaccinations plus infections \u2265 3) and an elevated basophil count (\u22650.06 G\/L) were independently associated with CVD. There was no association between CVD and inflammatory markers or common autoantibodies. Patients with PoTS criteria had a strong anti-Spike cellular immune response and increased IgG anti-Nuc humoral immunity when compared with CVD and non-CVD long COVID counterparts. Conclusions: Compared to other long COVID patients, patients with long COVID-associated CVD have distinctive clinical and immunovirological features. Our results suggest the potential role of the immune response against Spike and of allergic pathways rather than humoral autoimmunity against common autoantibodies in long COVID CVD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15114192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T17:36:18Z","timestamp":1780076178000},"page":"4192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical and Immunovirological Characteristics Associated with Cardiovascular Dysautonomia in Long COVID"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5098-5002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yves","family":"Renaudineau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Referral Medical Biology Laboratory, Institut F\u00e9d\u00e9ratif de Biologie, Toulouse University Hospital Center, 31300 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University of Toulouse, 31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3789-1800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selena","family":"Teillaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Referral Medical Biology Laboratory, Institut F\u00e9d\u00e9ratif de Biologie, Toulouse University Hospital Center, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien De Almeida","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, CHU Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Barthes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology, CHU Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Bost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Referral Medical Biology Laboratory, Institut F\u00e9d\u00e9ratif de Biologie, Toulouse University Hospital Center, 31300 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University of Toulouse, 31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Fortenfant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Referral Medical Biology Laboratory, Institut F\u00e9d\u00e9ratif de Biologie, Toulouse University Hospital Center, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9n\u00e9dicte","family":"Puissant-Lubrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Referral Medical Biology Laboratory, Institut F\u00e9d\u00e9ratif de Biologie, Toulouse University Hospital Center, 31300 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University of Toulouse, 31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1753-1065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence","family":"Abravanel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Institut F\u00e9d\u00e9ratif de Biologie, CHU Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8637-6695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camille","family":"Vellas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Institut F\u00e9d\u00e9ratif de Biologie, CHU Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Pavy-Le Traon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital Center, I2MC-INSERM 1297, 31059 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Sailler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, CHU Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00962-3","article-title":"Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in post-COVID-19 syndrome: A major health-care burden","volume":"21","author":"Fedorowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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