{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T18:08:21Z","timestamp":1780078101848,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CSL Vifor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is a type of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the most common cause of kidney failure in patients &lt;40 years of age. Previous economic models in CKD have generally defined health states solely by the progression of CKD. This manuscript presents an alternative method which also considers the level of proteinuria in a CKD patient. Methods: A cohort-level state transition model was developed, comparing the health benefits of sparsentan, a dual endothelin angiotensin receptor antagonist, to irbesartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, in IgAN. Within four UP\/C (proteinuria) states, patients are assigned to three sub-health states according to CKD stage. Patients with end-stage renal disease are grouped together, irrespective of UP\/C, and are stratified instead by renal replacement therapy modality. Transition matrices are derived from a combination of data from PROTECT, a clinical trial comparing sparsentan to irbesartan, and the UK RaDaR registry. Health-related quality of life data from a general CKD population is used as a proxy. Results: Patients with IgAN who were modelled to receive treatment with sparsentan had an estimated total undiscounted life years of 25.5 years, a gain of 0.9 years in comparison with irbesartan. Patients were also more likely to spend more time in earlier CKD stages while in pre-ESRD. This translated to significant quality-adjusted life year gains for patients treated with sparsentan in comparison with irbesartan. Conclusions: This study presents a new structure for health economic models in IgAN that more comprehensively captures the effect of proteinuria in combination with CKD progression. This new approach ultimately allows for the more robust implementation of clinical trial data in IgAN and estimates of the cost-effectiveness of new treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15114201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T17:36:18Z","timestamp":1780076178000},"page":"4201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sparsentan for the Treatment of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy: An Innovative Concept for Economic Modelling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Garth","family":"Baxter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CSL Vifor, Maidenhead SL6 8AA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Ramirez de Arellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSL Vifor, 8152 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Edmonds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Initiate Consultancy, London W1B 5BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.01.024","article-title":"IgA Nephropathy: Core Curriculum 2021","volume":"78","author":"Pattrapornpisut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. 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