{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:54:04Z","timestamp":1792000444400,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Brucella-related epididymo-orchitis (BEO) is one of the most common genitourinary complications of brucellosis. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of BEO in male patients with brucellosis and to identify clinical factors associated with its development. Methods: In this retrospective single-center cohort study, adult male patients diagnosed with brucellosis were included. Patients with and without BEO were compared in terms of epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify clinical factors associated with BEO. Results: Among 262 male patients with brucellosis, BEO was identified in 44 (16.8%). Of these patients, 38 (86.4%) presented with local scrotal symptoms, and combined involvement of the epididymis and testis was observed in 30 patients (68.2%). In univariable analysis, the patients who developed BEO were younger (33 vs. 44 years, p &lt; 0.001), more frequently presented with fever (59.1% vs. 31.2%, p &lt; 0.001), and had a shorter symptom duration (2 vs. 4 weeks, p &lt; 0.001). In addition, leukocyte counts and C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher in this group (p = 0.009 and p &lt; 0.001, respectively). In multivariable analysis, younger age (OR: 0.959, 95% CI: 0.930\u20130.988, p = 0.006), shorter symptom duration (OR: 0.852, 95% CI: 0.745\u20130.975, p = 0.020), and the presence of fever (OR: 2.265, 95% CI: 1.103\u20134.652, p = 0.026) were independently associated with BEO. Conclusions: BEO is a clinically significant genitourinary complication in male patients with brucellosis, notably associated with younger age, shorter symptom duration, and a more pronounced inflammatory response. In endemic regions, BEO should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with fever and acute scrotal symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15114210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T17:36:18Z","timestamp":1780076178000},"page":"4210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinical Factors Associated with Brucella-Related Epididymo-Orchitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1582-7313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yakup","family":"Gezer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Konya City Hospital, Konya 42020, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammet R\u0131dvan","family":"Tay\u015fi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Konya City Hospital, Konya 42020, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70382-6","article-title":"The new global map of human brucellosis","volume":"6","author":"Pappas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105121","article-title":"What\u2019s new in the diagnosis and treatment of human brucellosis?","volume":"55","author":"Lavigne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Now"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Gul, H.C., and Erdem, H. (2026). Brucellosis (Brucella Species). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Elsevier. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2021.1944055","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Brucella epididymoorchitis-game of Brucella death","volume":"48","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huy, T.X.N., Nguyen, T.T., Kim, H., Reyes, A.W.B., and Kim, S. (2022). Brucella Phagocytosis Mediated by Pathogen-Host Interactions and Their Intracellular Survival. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10102003"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Espinoza, G., Arce-Gorvel, V., M\u00e9met, S., and Gorvel, J.-P. (2021). Brucella: Reservoirs and Niches in Animals and Humans. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10020186"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(03)90049-X","article-title":"Human brucellosis: An overview","volume":"7","author":"Doganay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dean, A.S., Crump, L., Greter, H., Hattendorf, J., Schelling, E., and Zinsstag, J. (2012). Clinical Manifestations of Human Brucellosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001929"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O847","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12680","article-title":"Genitourinary brucellosis: Results of a multicentric study","volume":"20","author":"Erdem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.18084","article-title":"Testicular involvement of Brucellosis: A 10-year, multicentre study","volume":"17","author":"Celik","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, M., Fan, Z., Gao, R., Li, X., Gao, Z., and Wang, Z. (2023). Research progress on complications of Brucellosis. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1136674"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.4103\/ua.ua_178_21","article-title":"Early predictors of Brucella epididymo-orchitis","volume":"15","author":"Alarbid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urol. Ann."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-023-04500-1","article-title":"Outcome of acute epididymo-orchitis: Risk factors for testicular loss","volume":"41","author":"Norton","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"88","article-title":"Clinical and therapeutic insights into brucellar epididymo-orchitis: A retrospective analysis in a brucellosis endemic area","volume":"23","author":"Ayed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Int. Androl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.11152\/mu-1871","article-title":"Brucella and non-Brucella epididymo-orchitis: Comparison of ultrasound findings","volume":"21","author":"Baykan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazor, E., Smolyakov, R., Hazan, I., Yusim, I., Novack, V., Herzberg, H., Mabjeesh, N.J., and Zohar, Y. (2025). Clinical and demographic characteristics of male patients with Brucellar epididymo-orchitis: A retrospective cohort study from an endemic region. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1673906"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.02.006","article-title":"A complication of brucellosis: Epididymoorchitis","volume":"10","author":"Bodur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2019.1573892","article-title":"Brucellar epididymo-orchitis: A retrospective study of 25 cases","volume":"23","author":"Gozdas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S1413-8670(10)70021-0","article-title":"Brucellar epididymo-orchitis in southeastern part of Turkey: An 8 year experience","volume":"14","author":"Celen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1406-29","article-title":"The clinical and laboratory characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of patients with Brucella epididymo-orchitis (BEO) compared to those without BEO*","volume":"46","author":"Naz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.202053","article-title":"Brucellosis: Evaluation of Two Hundred and Ten Cases with Different Clinical Features","volume":"49","author":"Eroglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singap."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"130","article-title":"Evaluation of Brucellosis Patients Followed-up in a Tertiary Hospital","volume":"2","author":"Kurt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Selcuk Tip Derg."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"844","article-title":"Seroprevalence of human brucellosis in Turkey: A comprehensive meta-analysis","volume":"71","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108047","article-title":"Risk factors for brucellosis relapse and focal complications: A nine-year multicenter study in an endemic region","volume":"160","author":"Dadar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.36519\/idcm.2023.253","article-title":"Brucellar Epididymo-Orchitis in a Brucellosis Hyperendemic Region in T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"5","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"11978","article-title":"Brucella epididymo-orchitis: A single-center experience with a review of the literature","volume":"95","author":"Bapir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Urol. Androl."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"2017","article-title":"Epididymoorchitis Due to Brucella mellitensis: A Retrospective Study of 59 Patients","volume":"33","author":"Solera","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2023.e01736","article-title":"Brucellar epididymo-orchitis: Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of 50 patients in Iran","volume":"32","author":"Khodadadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20865","article-title":"The 2024 European guideline on the management of epididymo-orchitis","volume":"40","author":"Justice","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2005.01.008","article-title":"Comparison of brucella and non-specific epididymorchitis: Gray scale and color Doppler ultrasonographic features","volume":"56","author":"Ozturk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2006.09.008","article-title":"Clinical findings, diagnostic approach, and outcome of Brucella melitensis epididymo-orchitis","volume":"57","author":"Colmenero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Zhang, K., Yao, Y., Li, J., and Deng, S. (2021). Bacterial Infections Affect Male Fertility: A Focus on the Oxidative Stress-Autophagy Axis. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.727812"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofae357","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae357","article-title":"Association Between Diagnostic Delays and Spinal Involvement in Human Brucellosis: A Retrospective Case-Control Study","volume":"11","author":"Pu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.15537\/1658-3175.6004","article-title":"Diagnostic clues for spondylitis in acute brucellosis","volume":"35","author":"Kolgelier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/11\/4210\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T17:55:01Z","timestamp":1780077301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/11\/4210"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15114210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15114210","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]}}}