{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:12:56Z","timestamp":1780402376855,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Karting imposes high neuromuscular demands on the forearm during dynamic steering, gripping and braking. This study examined whether a single high-velocity, low-amplitude (HVLA) manipulation of the elbow acutely modified surface EMG_RMS amplitude and EMG median frequency responses during standardized isometric forearm testing after simulated karting load, rather than EMG activity during dynamic driving itself. Methods: In this randomized, sham-controlled, within-subject trial, 15 drivers completed a single-session within-participant protocol in which one upper limb was randomly allocated to receive elbow HVLA manipulation (manipulated limb) and the contralateral limb received a standardized sham procedure (sham limb) involving therapist contact and low-grade oscillatory movement without end-range pre-tension or thrust. Drivers completed two 8 min simulated races separated by the allocated manual procedure. Surface electromyography (EMG) from four forearm muscles was collected outside the karting task during standardized laboratory-based isometric forearm contractions at baseline, after race 1, post-intervention, and after race 2. EMG was not recorded during real-time steering, braking, vibration exposure or competitive driving. The extensor carpi radialis (ECR) was specified as the principal muscle of interest because the HVLA technique pre-tensioned the common extensor origin and radial wrist extensors. The primary outcome was ECR mean EMG_RMS amplitude, expressed in \u00b5V, across the four measurement time points; the primary statistical test was the condition \u00d7 time interaction. ECR maximal EMG_RMS amplitude and ECR median frequency were treated as secondary outcomes, whereas ECU, FCR, and FCU outcomes were treated as exploratory anatomical specificity outcomes. Mixed-model ANOVAs compared maximal and mean EMG amplitudes and median frequency between manipulated and sham limbs, treating limb condition and time as repeated within-participant factors. Results: For the primary outcome, ECR mean EMG_RMS amplitude showed a main effect of condition (p = 0.023) and a condition \u00d7 time interaction (p &lt; 0.001). As a secondary amplitude outcome, ECR maximal EMG_RMS amplitude showed a main effect of time (p = 0.009) and a condition \u00d7 time interaction (p &lt; 0.001), with higher post-manipulation values in the manipulated limb. No consistent limb-condition effects were found for the other muscles, and EMG median frequency showed only modest time-related changes (p = 0.031) without between-condition differences. Conclusions: A single-elbow manipulation produced short-lived, muscle-specific increases in ECR activation after simulated racing, whereas broader neuromuscular changes were not evident. These findings indicate only transient modulation of ECR surface EMG amplitude in a small sample of screened karting drivers and do not demonstrate improved recovery, neuromuscular efficiency, sport performance, or injury prevention. Because EMG was assessed during standardized isometric contractions rather than during dynamic steering, braking, vibration exposure or competitive racing, the findings should not be interpreted as direct evidence of altered neuromuscular behaviour during actual kart driving. Larger studies including force, performance, clinical, fatigue-specific and dynamic driving EMG outcomes are required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15114267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:25:31Z","timestamp":1780399531000},"page":"4267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of High-Velocity Elbow Manipulation on Forearm Muscle Electromyographic Recovery in Karting Drivers: A Randomized Within-Participant Sham-Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7074-0472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Studnicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Circle of Orthopaedic Manual Therapy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 7 D\u0119binki Street, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 7 D\u0119binki Street, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5938-4912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Zarembski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Circle of Orthopaedic Manual Therapy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 7 D\u0119binki Street, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Wasilewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 7 D\u0119binki Street, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Tr\u0105bka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fitness Department, University of Physical Education and Sport in Gdansk, Kazimierza G\u00f3rskiego 1 Street, 80-336 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2004.06.008","article-title":"Elbow Anatomy and Structural Biomechanics","volume":"23","author":"Alcid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. 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