{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:11:31Z","timestamp":1780499491515,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) placement alters cerebrospinal (CSF) dynamics and has been associated with hearing changes through pressure transmission via the cochlear aqueduct. Despite the large number of patients undergoing VPS placement annually, associated hearing changes remain poorly characterized. This scoping review aimed to characterize the available evidence on hearing outcomes following VPS placement and identify gaps warranting further investigation. Methods: This scoping review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed was queried from January 1980 through January 2026. Eligible studies included case reports, case series, and observational cohorts reporting hearing outcomes following VPS placement. Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full texts. Risk of bias was assessed using Joanna Briggs critical appraisal tools. Due to heterogeneity in study designs, outcomes metrics, and follow-up duration, quantitative synthesis was not performed. Results: Nineteen studies comprising approximately 200 patients met inclusion criteria. Hearing deterioration and improvement were each reported in 7 studies (36.8%); mixed outcomes were reported in 5 studies (26.3%). Acute hearing changes occurred within 48 h in 3 studies (15.8%), whereas delayed changes were described in 13 studies (68.4%). Overall quality of evidence was low. Conclusions: This scoping review identifies VPS placement as a clinically underrecognized contributor to hearing change. Current evidence is heterogenous and dominated by low level studies, underscoring the need for prospective investigation with standardized audiologic protocols. Preoperative audiograms should be considered when possible, as well as a low threshold for audiology referral for postoperative hearing concerns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15114325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:46:48Z","timestamp":1780494408000},"page":"4325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hearing Outcomes Following Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Placement: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2809-0450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mukta","family":"Vibhute","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bareiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4162-3239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Mangan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2858-1225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenny","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Dornhoffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6880-6981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert A.","family":"Saadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"},{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.01.002","article-title":"A Contemporary Definition and Classification of Hydrocephalus","volume":"16","author":"Rekate","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"313","article-title":"A Review of Cerebral Shunts, Current Technologies, and Future Endeavors","volume":"91","author":"Soler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17439","article-title":"Global Hydrocephalus Epidemiology and Incidence: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"130","author":"Dewan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isaacs, A.M., Riva-Cambrin, J., Yavin, D., Hockley, A., Pringsheim, T.M., Jette, N., Lethebe, B.C., Lowerison, M., Dronyk, J., and Hamilton, M.G. (2018). Age-Specific Global Epidemiology of Hydrocephalus: Systematic Review, Metanalysis and Global Birth Surveillance. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204926"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.6.PEDS14670","article-title":"Risk Factors for Shunt Malfunction in Pediatric Hydrocephalus: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"17","author":"Kestle","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0709(83)80071-4","article-title":"Transmission of Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure via the Cochlear Aqueduct and Endolymphatic Sac","volume":"4","author":"Carlborg","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2010.05.007","article-title":"Endolymphatic Hydrops: Pathophysiology and Experimental Models","volume":"43","author":"Salt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1159\/000083737","article-title":"The Slit Ventricle Syndrome: Advances Based on Technology and Understanding","volume":"40","author":"Rekate","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-015-0650-2","article-title":"Hearing Loss in Hydrocephalus: A review, with Focus on Mechanisms","volume":"39","author":"Satzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01546.x","article-title":"Hearing Loss after Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt and Its Resolution Following Programmable Valve Adjustment","volume":"14","author":"Albanese","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1983.59.4.0703","article-title":"Adult Aqueductal Stenosis Presenting with Fluctuating Hearing Loss and Vertigo: Report of Two Cases","volume":"59","author":"Barlas","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2008.10.028","article-title":"Chiari Type I Malformation Presenting with Bilateral Hearing Loss","volume":"16","author":"Dolgun","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.12.PEDS11357","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunting and Hearing Loss in Patients Treated for Medulloblastoma: Clinical Article","volume":"9","author":"Guillaume","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2017.06.034","article-title":"Resolution of Bilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss Following Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt and Literature Review","volume":"100","author":"Jamshidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"258","article-title":"Improvement of Non-Syndromic Hearing Loss After Treatment of High Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure. A Case Report","volume":"28","author":"Karabagli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2007.06.002","article-title":"Unilateral Hearing Loss Following Shunt Placement for Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus with a Unilateral Patent Cochlear Aqueduct","volume":"109","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24553","article-title":"Hearing Loss Following Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt in Communicating Hydrocephalus Patients: A Pilot Study","volume":"124","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5876(89)90227-9","article-title":"Audiological Findings of Shunt-Treated Hydrocephalus in Children","volume":"18","author":"Sorri","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2021.103250","article-title":"Resolution of Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder after Shunt Placement in a Patient with Hydrocephalus: A Case Report","volume":"43","author":"Lyle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.02.089","article-title":"Acute Deafness: A Rare Complication of Shunting","volume":"113","author":"Montivero","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"367","article-title":"[A case of hearing loss caused by overdrainage of cerebrospinal fluid after ventriculo-peritoneal shunting procedure]","volume":"25","author":"Miyazaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"No Shinkei Geka. Neurol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1515\/folmed-2015-0041","article-title":"Hearing Loss in Patients with Shunt-Treated Hydrocephalus","volume":"57","author":"Panova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Folia Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(01)00556-0","article-title":"Improvement of Chronic Hearing Loss after Shunt Revision","volume":"56","author":"Russell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.4.PEDS09103","article-title":"Resolution of Hydrocephalus-Associated Sensorineural Hearing Loss after Insertion of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt: Case Report","volume":"4","author":"Sammons","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.14.9.6","article-title":"Unilateral Hearing Loss in Children with Shunt-Treated Hydrocephalus","volume":"14","author":"Spirakis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1999.90.4.0773","article-title":"Persistent Bilateral Hearing Loss after Shunt Placement for Hydrocephalus: Case Report","volume":"90","author":"Stoeckli","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.95.3.0432","article-title":"Analysis of Hearing Loss after Shunt Placement in Patients with Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus","volume":"95","author":"Delwel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-018-1372-x","article-title":"To Evaluate the Pre and Post Shunt Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Hydrocephalus Patients","volume":"71","author":"Verma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(97)00017-8","article-title":"Anatomy of the Normal Human Cochlear Aqueduct with Functional Implications","volume":"107","author":"Gopen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02439718","article-title":"The Cochlear Aqueduct in Pediatric Temporal Bones","volume":"254","author":"Bachor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page, M.J., McKenzie, J.E., Bossuyt, P.M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T.C., Mulrow, C.D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J.M., Akl, E.A., and Brennan, S.E. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews. BMJ, 372.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/11\/4325\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:16:16Z","timestamp":1780496176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/11\/4325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15114325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15114325","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]}}}