{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:19:14Z","timestamp":1785406754935,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010101","name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCVGH-1140604C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1140604C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010101","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["TCVGH-1140604C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1140604C"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00e87hq62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Distinguishing diabetic nephropathy (DN) from non-diabetic kidney disease (NDKD) in patients with diabetes remains clinically challenging, particularly when renal biopsy is not routinely performed. We aimed to identify clinical predictors of biopsy-proven NDKD. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with type 2 diabetes who underwent native kidney biopsy at a tertiary referral center. Patients were classified as DN alone, mixed DN with NDKD, or pure NDKD. Baseline clinical and laboratory variables were analyzed. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with NDKD. Results: Among 664 patients, 18.7% had DN alone, 27.0% had mixed lesions, and 54.3% had pure NDKD. In multivariable analysis, higher HbA1c, lower body mass index, lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and higher urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio were independently associated with NDKD. For pure NDKD, lower HbA1c, lower serum albumin, lower body mass index, higher IgA levels, and absence of hypertension were significant predictors. Conclusions: NDKD is common among patients with diabetes undergoing biopsy and can be partially predicted using routinely available clinical parameters. These findings may aid in identifying patients who could benefit from timely renal biopsy and individualized management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15114346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:11:04Z","timestamp":1780593064000},"page":"4346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Predictors of Non-Diabetic Kidney Disease in Patients with Diabetes: Insights from a Biopsy-Proven Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5473-6594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"To-Pang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, 542 Chung-Shan Road (Section 1), Changhua 50008, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6119-0587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shang-Feng","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407219, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Informatics, Department of Digital Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407219, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration (2020). 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Primers"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/11\/4346\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:27:36Z","timestamp":1780594056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/11\/4346"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15114346"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15114346","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]}}}