{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T04:00:51Z","timestamp":1781150451862,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Although international guidelines provide comprehensive recommendations for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention and treatment, the degree to which clinicians adhere to these guidelines in routine practice remains unclear, particularly in countries with limited national data such as Turkey. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive survey was conducted among oncology specialists (medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, and surgical oncologists) and cardiologists practicing across Turkey. A structured, case-based questionnaire comprising 21 multiple-choice questions was distributed electronically via SurveyMonkey. The questionnaire assessed perioperative VTE prophylaxis approaches, VTE risk assessment practices in ambulatory patients, primary and long-term secondary thromboprophylaxis preferences, acute VTE treatment strategies, and management of special clinical scenarios. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and compared between oncologist and cardiologist groups. Results: A total of 84 physicians participated (34 oncologists [40.5%], 50 cardiologists [59.5%]). Perioperative and inpatient VTE prophylaxis practices were largely concordant with guideline recommendations, with 67.9% individualizing prophylaxis decisions and 66.7% initiating prophylaxis in hospitalized immobile patients when not contraindicated. However, only 33.7% routinely performed VTE risk assessment in ambulatory patients, and 64.6% did not use any validated risk scoring system. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) was the preferred agent for acute VTE treatment (72.6%), while direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) gained preference in long-term secondary thromboprophylaxis (42.2%). No statistically significant differences were observed between oncologists and cardiologists across all survey items (all p &gt; 0.05). Notably, 94.1% of respondents expressed a need to update their knowledge regarding CAT management. Conclusions: While oncologists and cardiologists in Turkey demonstrate general awareness of CAT guidelines, significant gaps persist in VTE risk stratification and primary prophylaxis for ambulatory cancer patients. The near-universal self-reported need for knowledge updates highlights the urgency for structured multidisciplinary education programs, integration of validated risk scoring tools into clinical workflows, and development of nationally adapted clinical practice guidelines. These findings reflect self-reported practices and may not fully represent actual clinical behavior; future studies incorporating medical record reviews or prescription data are needed to validate these observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15124504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T02:59:31Z","timestamp":1781146771000},"page":"4504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adherence of Oncologists and Cardiologists to Venous Thromboembolic Disease Prevention and Treatment Guidelines in Cancer Patients: A Cross-Sectional Survey from Turkey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6348-6616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugur Onsel","family":"Turk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medical Point Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, \u0130zmir University of Economics, 35575 \u0130zmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0492-5129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Emin","family":"Arayici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, 35330 \u0130zmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umut","family":"Kocabas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medical Point Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, \u0130zmir University of Economics, 35575 \u0130zmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kivanc","family":"Yuksel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 \u0130zmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasemin","family":"Basbinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University, 35330 \u0130zmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8503-061X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hulya","family":"Ellidokuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University, 35330 \u0130zmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.23736\/S0392-9590.23.05177-5","article-title":"Prevention and management of venous thromboembolism. International Consensus Statement","volume":"43","author":"Nicolaides","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Angiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00787-6","article-title":"Epidemiology and prevention of venous thromboembolism","volume":"20","author":"Lutsey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32658-1","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism","volume":"398","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(13)70024-0","article-title":"Mechanisms of thrombosis in cancer","volume":"131","author":"Falanga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306841","article-title":"Global Burden of Thrombosis: Epidemiologic Aspects","volume":"118","author":"Wendelboe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1160\/TH07-03-0212","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Europe","volume":"98","author":"Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation.V2012.1.626.3798655","article-title":"Cancer-associated thrombosis: Updates and controversies","volume":"2012","author":"Khorana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020007338","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: A population-based cohort study","volume":"137","author":"Mulder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000130","article-title":"The postthrombotic syndrome: Evidence-based prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"130","author":"Kahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601792","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01792-2016","article-title":"Incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after acute pulmonary embolism: A contemporary view of the published literature","volume":"49","author":"Cannegieter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1814468","article-title":"Apixaban to prevent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer","volume":"380","author":"Carrier","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1814630","article-title":"Rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis in high-risk ambulatory patients with cancer (CASSINI)","volume":"380","author":"Khorana","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ESMO Guidelines Committee (2023). Venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline. Ann. Oncol., 34, 452\u2013467.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.12.014"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e334","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00160-7","article-title":"2022 international clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer, including patients with COVID-19","volume":"23","author":"Farge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.01461","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update","volume":"38","author":"Key","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003442","article-title":"American Society of Hematology 2021 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: Prevention and treatment in patients with cancer","volume":"5","author":"Lyman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2024.0046","article-title":"Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolic Disease, Version 2.2024, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology","volume":"22","author":"Streiff","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.19414","article-title":"Cancer-associated venous thrombosis in adults (second edition): A British Society for Haematology Guideline","volume":"205","author":"Alikhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpth.2023.100038","article-title":"Implementing guidelines to prevent cancer associated thrombosis: How can we do better?","volume":"7","author":"Ades","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Pract. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpth.2024.102664","article-title":"Risk assessment and prevention of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism in ambulatory patients with solid malignancies","volume":"9","author":"Vladic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Pract. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029617753538","article-title":"Effectiveness and Safety of LMWH Treatment in Patients with Cancer Diagnosed with Non-High-Risk Venous Thromboembolism: Turkish Observational Study (TREBECA)","volume":"24","author":"Ozaslan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1177\/10781552211035704","article-title":"Oncologists\u2019 attitudes towards prophylaxis of cancer associated venous thromboembolism: A prospective, descriptive study","volume":"28","author":"Kandemir","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4902","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-10-116327","article-title":"Development and validation of a predictive model for chemotherapy-associated thrombosis","volume":"111","author":"Khorana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1711948","article-title":"Edoxaban for the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism","volume":"378","author":"Raskob","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.78.8034","article-title":"Comparison of an oral factor Xa inhibitor with low molecular weight heparin in patients with cancer with venous thromboembolism (SELECT-D)","volume":"36","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915103","article-title":"Apixaban for the treatment of venous thromboembolism associated with cancer","volume":"382","author":"Agnelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/jcecho.jcecho_26_25","article-title":"The Role of Imaging in Cardiovascular Prevention: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"35","author":"Carerj","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Echogr."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/12\/4504\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T03:55:25Z","timestamp":1781150125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/12\/4504"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15124504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15124504","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]}}}