{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:54:14Z","timestamp":1787064854133,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005916","name":"Universidad de La Frontera","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04v0snf24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disorder affecting more than 2.8 million individuals worldwide and is commonly associated with cognitive deficits that compromise independence and quality of life. In recent years, virtual reality (VR) has emerged as an innovative rehabilitation strategy, offering immersive and engaging environments that promote neuroplasticity and enhance patient motivation. To evaluate the effectiveness of immersive and non-immersive VR-based interventions in improving cognitive performance among adults diagnosed with MS. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO registration: CRD420251103762). Comprehensive searches were carried out across seven international databases up to October 2025, including only randomized controlled trials assessing cognitive outcomes after VR-based rehabilitation programs. Results: From 1948 records screened, 13 studies comprising 649 participants met the inclusion criteria. Intervention durations ranged between 6 and 17 weeks, with sessions lasting 30\u201360 min. The interventions involved treadmill training with VR, exergaming, and cognitive stimulation protocols. Most studies demonstrated significant improvements in processing speed, visuospatial and verbal memory, and executive functioning (p &lt; 0.05). Adherence rates were above 80%, and no serious adverse events were reported. Conclusions: VR-based rehabilitation appears to be a safe, feasible, and effective approach for enhancing cognitive abilities in individuals with MS, particularly in processing speed and visuospatial memory. Nonetheless, the heterogeneity of methodologies underscores the need for standardized intervention frameworks and large-scale multicenter randomized trials to establish optimal parameters and confirm sustained long-term benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15124534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T01:52:08Z","timestamp":1781229128000},"page":"4534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effectiveness of Immersive and Non-Immersive Virtual Reality Interventions on Cognitive Function in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9442-3729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"L\u00f3pez-Andaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de Chile 7591538, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5359-6587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"V\u00e1squez-Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Cognitivas, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile"},{"name":"VITALIS Longevity Center, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Guerra-Labb\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Terapia Ocupacional, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Providencia 7500000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Hernandez-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Education, Faculty of Humanities, Universidad de la Serena, La Serena 1700000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3948-8280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Vald\u00e9s-Badilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Talca 3530000, Chile"},{"name":"Sports Coach Career, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad de Vi\u00f1a del Mar, Vi\u00f1a del Mar 2520000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3184-6482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Sandoval-V\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Tecnolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tom\u00e1s, Los Carreras 753, Osorno 5310431, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Carmine-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constanza","family":"Lorca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8485-020X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Bel\u00e9n","family":"Calvo-Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Enfermer\u00eda y Fisioterapia, Facultad de Enfermer\u00eda y Fisioterapia, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"NeuroUsal Team, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Salamanca Biomedical Research Institute (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, X., Zhang, Y., Du, Q., Kang, J., Song, S., Li, T., and Jiang, Y. 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