{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T04:53:38Z","timestamp":1781844818589,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is strongly recommended in secondary cardiovascular prevention; indeed, in patients after cardiac surgery or with coronary artery disease or heart failure, this intervention is recommended to decrease mortality, morbidity, and disability, and to improve quality of life and cardiorespiratory fitness. Moreover, each step of the cardiovascular continuum denotes a potential risk factor for the progression of cognitive frailty; this interaction is highly prevalent, affecting approximately one-third of all patients in cardiology settings. For these reasons, CR should consider the patient\u2019s cognitive domain; however, cognitive assessment is still rarely integrated into standard CR protocols. Therefore, this comprehensive review presents current evidence and recent updates on the interaction between CR and cognitive impairment, focusing on physiological mechanisms, core components, benefits, and strategies for implementing CR in patients with cognitive frailty to optimize recovery and prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15124598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T08:57:58Z","timestamp":1781513878000},"page":"4598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cardiac Rehabilitation and Cognitive Impairment: Elective Affinities or Fatal Attraction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2197-5355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Visco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8298-3082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Loria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, University Hospital \u201cSan Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona\u201d, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Squillante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, University Hospital \u201cSan Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona\u201d, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4331-8972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Palmieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3338-1172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Piani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Fucile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, \u201cFederico II\u201d University, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8499-5428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmine","family":"Izzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiology Unit, University Hospital \u201cSan Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona\u201d, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Rosaria","family":"Rusciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1658-8470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Gatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1499-673X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00f3n\u00e1n","family":"O\u2019Caoimh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Board Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Mercy University Hospital, T12WE28 Cork City, 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Virtuoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, University Hospital \u201cSan Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona\u201d, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmine","family":"Vecchione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"},{"name":"Vascular Physiopathology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2379-1960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Ciccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, University Hospital \u201cSan Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi 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