{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:58:37Z","timestamp":1785437917070,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26K20102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26K20102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["26K20102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26K20102"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hhkn466","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: To evaluate the clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of Baerveldt glaucoma implant (BGI) surgery performed as a primary filtering procedure in eyes without prior glaucoma filtering surgery. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 148 eyes of 148 patients who underwent BGI surgery with a 350-mm2 endplate at a single tertiary center. Surgical success was defined using three intraocular pressure (IOP)-based criteria: IOP &gt; 21 mmHg (criterion A), &gt;17 mmHg (criterion B), or &gt;14 mmHg (criterion C), failure to achieve \u2265 20% IOP reduction, need for additional glaucoma surgery, loss of light perception, or persistent hypotony. Kaplan\u2013Meier survival analysis and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression were used to evaluate surgical outcomes and prognostic factors. Results: The 5-year cumulative probability of surgical success was 70.6%, 49.8%, and 27.6% for criteria A, B, and C, respectively. Mean IOP decreased significantly from 33.5 \u00b1 10.0 mmHg preoperatively to 13.9 \u00b1 4.0 mmHg at 5 years (p &lt; 0.01); number of glaucoma medications decreased from 4.0 \u00b1 1.2 to 1.8 \u00b1 1.9 (p &lt; 0.01). Younger age was associated with a higher risk of surgical failure (criterion A: hazard ratio [HR] 0.97, p &lt; 0.01; criterion B: HR 0.98, p = 0.011; criterion C: HR 0.97, p &lt; 0.01). More previous intraocular surgeries were associated with failure under criterion B (HR 1.30, p = 0.048). Early and late postoperative complications occurred in 34.5% and 14.2% of eyes, respectively; 20.9% required additional postoperative interventions. Conclusions: BGI surgery performed as a primary filtering procedure demonstrated favorable long-term IOP control in eyes without prior glaucoma filtering surgery. Younger age was identified as a consistent risk factor for surgical failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15124649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:49:01Z","timestamp":1781570941000},"page":"4649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Outcomes and Risk Factors for Surgical Failure Following Baerveldt Glaucoma Implant Surgery as a Primary Filtering Procedure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayami","family":"Katsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5660-3260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shogo","family":"Arimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7334-2245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Takamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0896-996X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaru","family":"Inatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.04.015","article-title":"Use of various glaucoma surgeries and procedures in medicare beneficiaries from 1994 to 2012","volume":"122","author":"Arora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwasaki, K., Arimura, S., Takamura, Y., and Inatani, M. 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