{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T04:54:23Z","timestamp":1781672063232,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Anterior midline skull base meningiomas, such as olfactory groove meningiomas (OGMs), planum sphenoidale meningiomas, and tuberculum sellae meningiomas pose significant surgical challenges due to their proximity to neurovascular and olfactory structures. The widespread use of the vascularized nasoseptal flap (NSF) has expanded the role of the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA). This systematic review compares outcomes of EEA and the transcranial approach (TCA) in the NSF era. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched following PRISMA guidelines for studies published January 2010 and August 2025 comparing EEA and TCA for OGMs and tuberculum sellae\/planum sphenoidale (TS\/PS) meningiomas with NSF reconstruction. Thirty-five studies (1866 patients) were included and outcomes were stratified by tumor subtype. Results: Gross total resection (GTR) exceeded 90% across both approaches. EEA was associated with superior visual improvement in TS\/PS meningiomas, particularly with optic canal involvement, while TCA resulted in better olfactory preservation in OGMs. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak rates have declined substantially with vascularized NSF reconstruction, especially for TS\/PS meningiomas. Conclusions: Both EEA and TCA achieve high GTR rates for anterior midline skull base meningiomas. EEA provides advantages for visual outcomes in TS\/PS meningiomas, whereas TCA are favored for olfactory preservation in OGMs. Approach selection should be individualized based on tumor anatomy and functional priorities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15124676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T03:27:21Z","timestamp":1781666841000},"page":"4676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anterior Midline Skull Base Meningiomas: A Systematic Review of Resection Rates, Functional Outcomes, and Perioperative Complications Following Contemporary Endoscopic Endonasal Versus Transcranial Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4839-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umid","family":"Sulaimanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0744-2695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irem","family":"Uslu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Alomari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamidiye International School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34668, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0476-2065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yerkebulan","family":"Serikkanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8453-790X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariagrazia","family":"Nizzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darius","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0614-6719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oyku","family":"Ozturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4192-9268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nafiye","family":"Sanlier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9668-7246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Rasim","family":"Bayramoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1761-6752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eray","family":"Tekirdas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Keles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5387-4698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ufuk","family":"Erginoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa K.","family":"Baskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.08.025","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal versus open transcranial resection of anterior midline skull base meningiomas","volume":"77","author":"Komotar","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aftahy, A.K., Barz, M., Krauss, P., Wagner, A., Lange, N., Hijazi, A., Wiestler, B., Meyer, B., Negwer, C., and Gempt, J. (2020). Midline Meningiomas of the Anterior Skull Base: Surgical Outcomes and a Decision-Making Algorithm for Classic Skull Base Approaches. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12113243"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2018.05.016","article-title":"Surgical and functional outcome of olfactory groove meningiomas: Lessons from the past experience and strategy development","volume":"171","author":"Fountas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opy191","article-title":"Results of Transcranial Resection of Olfactory Groove Meningiomas in Relation to Imaging-Based Case Selection Criteria for the Endoscopic Approach","volume":"16","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.1.FOCUS17722","article-title":"Transbasal versus endoscopic endonasal versus combined approaches for olfactory groove meningiomas: Importance of approach selection","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.9.JNS16823","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal versus transcranial approach to tuberculum sellae and planum sphenoidale meningiomas in a similar cohort of patients","volume":"128","author":"Bander","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC.2008.25.12.E8","article-title":"Endoscopic transnasal resection of anterior cranial fossa meningiomas","volume":"25","author":"Esposito","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36\u201352; discussion 34\u201352","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000316852.01820.45","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal resection of anterior cranial base meningiomas","volume":"63","author":"Gardner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000234933.37779.e4","article-title":"A novel reconstructive technique after endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches: Vascular pedicle nasoseptal flap","volume":"116","author":"Hadad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1709165","article-title":"Olfaction in Olfactory Groove Meningiomas","volume":"81","author":"Dedeciusova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Surg. A Cent. Eur. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2024.298","article-title":"Outcomes of Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery for Tuberculum Sellae and Planum Sphenoidale Meningiomas: A Retrospective Study","volume":"52","author":"Schroeder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.8.JNS22632","article-title":"Endonasal transsphenoidal surgery for planum sphenoidale versus tuberculum sellae meningiomas","volume":"138","author":"Henderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.09.202","article-title":"Outcomes After Transcranial and Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Tuberculum Meningiomas-A Retrospective Comparison","volume":"109","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839\u2013844; discussion 836\u2013844","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000318169.75095.cb","article-title":"Effect of early optic canal unroofing on the outcome of visual functions in surgery for meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae and planum sphenoidale","volume":"62","author":"Nozaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690600776747","article-title":"Surgical management of tuberculum sellae meningioma: Role of selective extradural anterior clinoidectomy","volume":"20","author":"Otani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-025-06584-7","article-title":"Effect of routine extradural optic canal decompression performed by skull base trained surgeons on visual outcomes in patients with anterior skull base meningiomas","volume":"167","author":"Sadigh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2024.03.001","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal approach for olfactory groove meningioma resection: Strategies and outcomes in a retrospective case series","volume":"122","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Higgins, J., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., and Page, M. (2023). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Cochrane. Available online: https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/authors\/handbooks-and-manuals\/handbook\/current."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hozo, S.P., Djulbegovic, B., and Hozo, I. (2005). Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-5-13"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2026, June 11). Study Quality Assessment Tools, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/study-quality-assessment-tools."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-22-00430","article-title":"The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for randomized controlled trials","volume":"21","author":"Barker","year":"2023","journal-title":"JBI Evid. Synth."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2022.101671","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal surgery for resection of anterior skull base meningiomas: A single-center prospective study in Vietnam","volume":"31","author":"Truong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4993","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83905-7","article-title":"The expanded endoscopic endonasal approach for treatment of tuberculum sellae meningiomas in a series of 40 consecutive cases","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.11.JNS171337","article-title":"Selection of endoscopic or transcranial surgery for tuberculum sellae meningiomas according to specific anatomical features: A retrospective multicenter analysis (KOSEN-002)","volume":"130","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, K., Nie, C., Zhu, W., Zhao, H., Zhang, F., Wang, H., and Jiang, X. (2022). Surgical management of tuberculum sellae meningioma: Transcranial approach or endoscopic endonasal approach?. Front Surg., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.979940"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"48","article-title":"Microsurgical Treatment of Tuberculum Sellae Meningiomas with Visual Impairments: A Chinese Experience of 56 Cases","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.09.090","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes with Transcranial Resection of the Tuberculum Sellae Meningioma","volume":"108","author":"Karsy","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.05.166","article-title":"Contralateral Transcranial Approach to Tuberculum Sellae Meningiomas: Long-Term Visual Outcomes and Recurrence Rates","volume":"116","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2023.101766","article-title":"Pterional versus anterior interhemispheric approach in anterior skull base meningiomas: A comparative study","volume":"33","author":"Costanzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.9.JNS12167","article-title":"Validation of the superior interhemispheric approach for tuberculum sellae meningioma: Clinical article","volume":"117","author":"Curey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-025-06446-2","article-title":"Characteristics of optic canal invasion in the large midline non-tuberculum sellae anterior skull base meningiomas and the surgical outcomes","volume":"167","author":"Duangprasert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-024-06033-x","article-title":"Factors influencing postoperative visual improvement in 208 patients with tuberculum sellae meningiomas","volume":"166","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-021-01536-y","article-title":"Ipsilateral vs controlateral approach in tuberculum sellae meningiomas surgery: A retrospective comparative study","volume":"44","author":"Troude","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"56","article-title":"Is Unilateral Extended Pterional Craniotomy Adequate Instead of Bicoronal (Bifrontal) Craniotomy in Large or Giant Olfactory Groove Meningiomas?","volume":"35","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Turk. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.5.JNS212899","article-title":"Contralateral subfrontal approach for tuberculum sellae meningioma: Techniques and clinical outcomes","volume":"138","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2010.08.019","article-title":"Microsurgical management of tuberculum sellae meningiomas by the frontolateral approach: Surgical technique and visual outcome","volume":"113","author":"Ling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2015.06.002","article-title":"Olfaction preservation after removal of large tuberculum sellae meningiomas via a superior interhemispheric approach. A quantitative and qualitative study","volume":"61","author":"Hannequin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.04.055","article-title":"Open Transcranial Resection of Small (<35 mm) Meningiomas of the Anterior Midline Skull Base in Current Microsurgical Practice","volume":"84","author":"Rossetto","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.05.015","article-title":"Predictive Factors of Favorable Visual Outcomes After Surgery of Tuberculum Sellae Meningiomas: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"164","author":"Leclerc","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.9.JNS231657","article-title":"Pterional approach for tuberculum sellae meningiomas: A 17-year single-center experience","volume":"140","author":"Grutza","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.12.172","article-title":"Small Extended Bifrontal Approach for Midline Anterior Skull Base Meningiomas: Our Experience with 54 Consecutive Patients","volume":"125","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.02.008","article-title":"Surgical Management and Outcome of the Planum Sphenoidale Meningioma: A Single-Center Strobe Compliant Study","volume":"184","author":"Dokponou","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2021.04.023","article-title":"The unilateral frontotemporal approach for large and giant olfactory groove meningioma: Experience with 18 consecutive patients","volume":"68","author":"Emmez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.106041","article-title":"Trans-Frontal Sinus Approach for Olfactory Groove Meningiomas: A 19 Year Experience","volume":"196","author":"Zenga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, F., Shen, J., Zhang, L., Yang, J., Weng, Y., Fang, Z., Zhang, C., Ye, H., Zhan, R., and Zheng, X. (2021). Unilateral Subfrontal Approach for Giant Tuberculum Sellae Meningioma: Single Center Experience and Review of the Literature. Front Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.708235"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"824","article-title":"Outcome Assessment After Surgical Treatment of Tuberculum Sellae Meningiomas- A Preliminary Report","volume":"26","author":"Wilk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-017-3390-y","article-title":"The endoscopic endonasal approach is not superior to the microscopic transcranial approach for anterior skull base meningiomas\u2014A meta-analysis","volume":"160","author":"Muskens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4882","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41292-0","article-title":"Transsphenoidal versus Transcranial Approach for Treatment of Tuberculum Sellae Meningiomas: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Comparative Studies","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.10.JNS09406","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery: Analysis of complications in the authors\u2019 initial 800 patients","volume":"114","author":"Kassam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/12\/4676\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T04:17:53Z","timestamp":1781669873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/12\/4676"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15124676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15124676","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]}}}