{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T09:56:13Z","timestamp":1781776573078,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: There is no consensus on whether it is possible to preserve implant retention during deep surgical site infections (SSIs), and there is no widely accepted treatment protocol to date for these patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) protocol in patients who were treated for degenerative thoracolumbar spinal disorder using spinal instrumentation. Methods: This retrospective study describes the 24-month outcomes of deep SSI that developed in 25 of 720 patients (3.5%) who underwent surgery for thoracolumbar degenerative spinal disorders (disc disease, spinal stenosis, and scoliosis) and were treated according to the DAIR protocol. Results: Of these 25 patients, 18 developed early infection (&lt;1 month), 3 developed delayed infection (1\u20133 months), and 4 developed late-onset deep infection (&gt;3 months). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 56% of the patients. The DAIR protocol was successful in 22 (88%) of the patients, while it failed in 3 (12%). Surgical implants were removed in 25% of patients with late-onset SSI, and only 11.1% with early onset and 0% with delayed SSI. All patients who failed DAIR were smokers. A significant association was found between the Charlson Comorbidity Index and the number of surgical interventions (p = 0.022). Conclusions: In this small retrospective cohort, the DAIR protocol appeared to be a feasible treatment option for deep SSI, particularly in early infections. Implant removal may be considered when infection persists after repeat DAIR or when implant loosening is observed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15124736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T08:59:38Z","timestamp":1781773178000},"page":"4736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Results of Deep Surgical Site Infections Treated with the Debridement, Antibiotics, and Implant Retention (DAIR) Protocol: 25 Cases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ali \u0130hsan","family":"\u00d6kten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, 01230 Adana, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2346-9106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayg\u0131","family":"Uygur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kadirli State Hospital, 80750 Osmaniye, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2394-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emre","family":"Bilgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, 01230 Adana, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, 01230 Adana, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kemal \u015e\u00fcheda","family":"\u00d6zkavakl\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, 01230 Adana, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatih","family":"\u00c7i\u00e7ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, 01230 Adana, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erencan","family":"K\u0131lc\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, 01230 Adana, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Babao\u011flan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, 01230 Adana, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u015eahin","family":"Sancaktar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, 01230 Adana, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baran","family":"Uyan\u0131k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, 01230 Adana, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0440-2513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Harmano\u011fullar\u0131ndan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, 01230 Adana, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568219869330","article-title":"Implant retention or removal for management of surgical site infection after spinal surgery","volume":"10","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. 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Arthroplast."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/12\/4736\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T09:38:54Z","timestamp":1781775534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/12\/4736"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15124736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15124736","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]}}}