{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:17:14Z","timestamp":1785417434396,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Cardiac Society","award":["CRU 0120-KCKB-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRU 0120-KCKB-2023"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006334","name":"Jan Kochanowski University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SUPB.RN.25.030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUPB.RN.25.030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["SUPB.RN.25.030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUPB.RN.25.030"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00krbh354","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome, and its prognosis depends on many factors, including its etiology and the patient\u2019s sex. We aimed to perform gendered evaluations on ischemic etiology\u2019s impact on HF prognosis. Methods: Hospitalized patients and outpatients were enrolled in the Heart Failure Observational Study (HEROES), which is a prospective, multicenter cohort study, between April 2022 and January 2024. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Results: Among 1410 patients included in the analysis (28.4% females and 71.6% males), 41.1% had ischemic HF etiology, and 58.9% had non-ischemic HF etiology. Ischemic etiology was identified in 28.5% of females and 46.0% of males; p &lt; 0.001. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) was 1.16 (95% CI 0.85\u20131.58; p = 0.363) for all-cause mortality in the non-ischemic group relative to the ischemic reference category. The aHR for all-cause mortality in women relative to men was 1.14 (95% CI: 0.67\u20131.94; p = 0.633) for ischemic HF and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.56\u20131.27; p = 0.420) for non-ischemic HF. Conclusions: We found that ischemic and non-ischemic etiologies are associated with comparable all-cause mortality risk in patients with HF. Sex-stratified analyses revealed no significant mortality differentials between women and men within either etiologic category.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15124759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T13:04:04Z","timestamp":1781874244000},"page":"4759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between Heart Failure Etiology and All-Cause Mortality with Sex-Specific Considerations: Insights from the HEROES Registry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1033-2793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Tarnowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Holy Spirit Specialist Hospital, 27-600 Sandomierz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0256-0813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Morawiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine and Disaster Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8683-3913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Galas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Military Institute of Medicine, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1381-302X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Tymi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3048-9786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Byczkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure and Transplantology Department, National Institute of Cardiology\u2014National Research Institute, 05-400 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5850-8187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Kasprzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department and Chair of Cardiology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-425 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7493-3626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Siniarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure, St. John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure, Institute of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"\u017barek-Starzewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hypertension and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-907 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Major","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Clinic of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Swietokrzyskie Cardiology Center, 25-736 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7019-1928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Stefa\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Zachura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-516 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0732-2104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Dro\u017cd\u017c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7619-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Gorczyca-G\u0142owacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-516 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac013","article-title":"Global burden of heart failure: A comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology","volume":"118","author":"Savarese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. 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