{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T04:46:45Z","timestamp":1782362805675,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The present study examined coping styles and adaptive responses in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and healthy controls. Methods: A total of 240 participants were included, comprising cardiac surgery patients and a control group. The Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations and the Reactions to Impairment and Disability Inventory were used. Results: Significant group differences were found in adaptive responses, with cardiac surgery patients showing higher levels of shock, anxiety, denial, and overall maladaptive adjustment patterns. Patients also demonstrated a distinct profile of adaptation compared with healthy controls. Task-focused coping was associated with more adaptive functioning, whereas emotion-focused coping and maladaptive emotional responses were associated with poorer psychological adjustment. Conclusions: Overall, the results indicate that coping style is a key factor in psychological adaptation to cardiac surgery, with implications for the development of targeted psychological interventions in cardiac rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15134909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T03:20:21Z","timestamp":1782357621000},"page":"4909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adaptive Responses and Stress Coping Styles in Cardiac Surgery Patients: A Clinical Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6427-7231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"W\u0105chol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Krakow, 25 Kanonicza St., 31-002 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Dr. J. Babinski Clinical Hospital in Krakow, 29 Babinskiego St., 30-393 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0871-9084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martyna","family":"Tokarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polish Psychologists\u2019 Association (PPA), 1d, 238-246 King St., London W6 0RF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"192","article-title":"Stressors in open-heart surgery patients: A qualitative study","volume":"15","author":"Sedaghat","year":"2019","journal-title":"ARYA Atheroscler."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2016.04.019","article-title":"Cardiac surgery as a stressor and the response of the vulnerable older adult","volume":"87","author":"Neupane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.12968\/bjca.2018.13.6.286","article-title":"What is cardiac distress and how should we measure it?","volume":"13","author":"Jackson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Card. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.08.011","article-title":"Redefining the perioperative stress response: A narrative review","volume":"123","author":"Korbonits","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prado-Olivares, J., and Chover-Sierra, E. (2019). Preoperatory Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. Diseases, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases7020046"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2023.101388","article-title":"Stress and coping mechanisms in patients undergoing CABG: An integrative review","volume":"23","author":"Iryanidar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Strelau, J., and Jaworowska, A. (2009). Kwestionariusz Radzenia Sobie w Sytuacjach Stresowych (CISS), Pracownia Test\u00f3w Psychologicznych."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.58.5.844","article-title":"Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation","volume":"58","author":"Endler","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Fink, A. (2010). Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to Paper, Sage Publications, Inc.. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.114201","article-title":"Controlled randomized clinical trial of spirituality integrated psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy and medication intervention on depressive symptoms and dysfunctional attitudes in patients with dysthymic disorder","volume":"2","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"e16435","article-title":"Quality of Life in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: Role of Coping Strategies","volume":"13","author":"Iqbal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000124","article-title":"Psychological resilience","volume":"18","author":"Fletcher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.52982\/lkj178","article-title":"Need-adapted and Individualized Psychocardiological Intervention in Patients with Myocardial Infarction to Reduce Consequential Psychological Diseases","volume":"3","author":"Fadljevic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swoboda, C., Gellert, P., Steinhagen-Thiessen, E., Landmesser, U., Rapp, M.A., and D\u00fczel, S. (2025). Hering, Depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder and perceived psychosocial care during hospital stay after myocardial infarction: A cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-05129-1"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macklem, G.L. (2008). Regulating Positive and Negative Emotions: Adaptive and Non-Adaptive Reactions to Stress. Practitioner\u2019s Guide to Emotion Regulation in School-Aged Children, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-73851-2_8"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1300\/J018v14n03_03","article-title":"Denial and acceptance","volume":"14","author":"Salamon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"301","article-title":"Personality traits and styles of coping with stress in physicians","volume":"40","author":"Kwarta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol. Merkur. Lek."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"7","article-title":"Personality and Coping","volume":"13","author":"Seely","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intuit. BYU Undergrad. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biggs, A., Brough, P., and Drummond, S. (2017). Lazarus and Folkman\u2019s psychological stress and coping theory. The Handbook of Stress and Health: A Guide to Research and Practice, Springer Publishing Company.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118993811.ch21"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willis, E. (2020). Medical Dominance, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003134343"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.5172\/hesr.2006.15.5.432","article-title":"Medical dominance then and now: Critical reflections","volume":"15","author":"Coburn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024spe034","DOI":"10.31893\/multirev.2024spe034","article-title":"Coping with stressfull situations using coping strategies and their impact on mental health","volume":"7","author":"Bondarchuk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multidiscip. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.7.2.336","article-title":"Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory","volume":"7","author":"Eysenck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Vickers, J.N. (2007). Perception, Cognition, and Decision Training: The Quiet Eye in Action, Human Kinetics."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210802557702","article-title":"Training with anxiety has a positive effect on expert perceptual\u2013motor performance under pressure","volume":"62","author":"Oudejans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjcn\/zvac042","article-title":"A literature review of coping strategies and health-related quality of life among patients with heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Alanazi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albus, C., Herrmann-Lingen, C., K\u00f6llner, V., Titscher, G., Albus, C., Titscher, G., and Herrmann-Lingen, C. (2022). Other Important Clinical Pictures and Interventions in Cardiology. Psychocardiology: A Practical Guide for Doctors and Psychologists, Springer Berlin-Heidelberg.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-65322-7"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-020-01424-9","article-title":"Psychological Preparation for Cardiac Surgery","volume":"22","author":"Salzmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae281","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: Projections from 2025 to 2050","volume":"32","author":"Chong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.26442\/00403660.2023.08.202207","article-title":"Anxiety in subjects with cardiovascular disease: Current diagnostic strategies and therapeutic options. A review","volume":"95","author":"Shishkova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther. Arch."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"67","article-title":"Patient aggression towards health care professionals","volume":"4","author":"Mroczek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.21315\/mjms2024.31.3.20","article-title":"Managing aggressive behaviour in healthcare: Balancing of patients and staff interests","volume":"31","author":"Zolkefli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/10888683221104002","article-title":"The stressful personality: A meta-analytical review of the relation between personality and stress","volume":"27","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.07.044","article-title":"AManagement and outcomes of cardiogenic shock in cardiac ICUs with versus without shock teams","volume":"78","author":"Papolos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/13\/4909\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T04:02:02Z","timestamp":1782360122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/13\/4909"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15134909"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15134909","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]}}}